The Third Book of MOSES, called LEVITICUS

  CHAP. 1

  The law of burnt offerings, 1, 2; of the herd, 3–9; of the flocks, 10–14; of the fowls, 14–17.

1 called. Ex. 19:3; 24:1, 2, 12; 29:42. Jno. 1:17. out of. Ex. 25:22; 33:7; 39:32; 40:34, 35.
2 If any. ch. 22:18, 19. Ge. 4:3–5. 1 Ch. 16:29. Ro. 12:1, 6. Ep. 5:2. an offering. Korban, from karav, to approach, an introductory offering, or offering of access, in allusion to the present which is always required in the East, on being introduced to a superior.
3 a burnt. ch. 6:9–13; 8:18, 21. Ge. 8:20; 22:2, 8, 13. Ex. 24:5; 29:18, 42; 32:6; 38:1. Nu. 23:3, 10, 11, 19, 23, 24, 27, 30; 29:8–11, 13. Is. 1:11. He. 10:8–10. a male. ch. 3:1; 4:23; 22:19–25. Ex. 12:5. De. 15:21. Zec. 13:7. Mal. 1:14. Lu. 1:35. Jno. 1:36. Ep. 5:27. He. 7:26; 9:14. 1 Pe. 1:18, 19. his own. ch. 7:16; 22:19, 21. Ex. 35:5, 21, 29; 36:3. Ps. 40:8; 110:3. 2 Co. 8:12; 9:7. at the. ch. 16:7; 17:4. Ex. 29:4. De. 12:5, 6, 13, 14, 27. Eze. 20:40. Jno. 10:7, 9. Ep. 2:18.
4 put. ch. 3:2, 8, 13; 4:4, 15, 24, 29; 8:14, 22; 16:21. Ex. 29:10, 15, 19. Nu. 8:12. Is. 53:4–6. 2 Co. 5:20, 21. be accepted. ch. 22:21, 27. Is. 56:7. Ro. 12:1. Phi. 4:18. atonement. ch. 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:6; 6:7; 9:7; 16:24. Nu. 15:25, 28; 25:13. 2 Ch. 29:23, 24. Da. 9:24. Ro. 3:25; 5:11. He. 10:4. 1 Jno. 2:2.
5 kill. ver. 11; ch. 3:2, 8, 13; 16:15. 2 Ch. 29:22–24. Mi. 6:6. the priests. ver. 11, 15. 2 Ch. 35:11. He. 10:11. sprinkle. ver. 11; ch. 3:2, 8, 13. Ex. 24:6–8; 29:16. Nu. 18:17. 2 Ch. 35:11. Is. 52:15. Eze. 36:25. He. 12:24. 1 Pe. 1:2.
6 ch. 7:8. Ge. 3:21.
7 fire. ch. 6:12, 13; 9:24; 10:1. 1 Ch. 21:26. 2 Ch. 7:1. Mal. 1:10. lay. Ge. 22:9. Ne. 13:31.
8 ch. 8:18–21; 9:13, 14. Ex. 29:17, 18. 1 Ki. 18:23, 33.
9 inwards. ver. 13; ch. 8:21; 9:14. Ps. 51:6. Je. 4:14. Mat. 23:25–28. burn all. ver. 13, 17; ch. 3:11. Ps. 66:15. Zec. 13:7. a sweet. Ge. 8:21. Eze. 20:28, 41. 2 Co. 2:15. Ep. 5:2. Phi. 4:18.
10 of the flocks. ver. 2. Ge. 4:4; 8:20. Is. 53:6, 7. Jno. 1:29. a burnt sacrifice. Olah, a burnt offering, from âlah, to ascend, because this offering ascended, as it were, to God in flame and smoke, being wholly consumed; for which reason it is called in the Septuagint, ολοκαυτωμα, a whole burnt offering. This was the most important of all the sacrifices; and no part of it was eaten either by the priest or the offerer, but the whole offered to God. It has been sufficiently shown by learned men, that almost every nation of the earth, in every age, had their burnt offerings, from the persuasion that there was no other, way to appease the incensed gods; and they even offered human sacrifices, because they imagined that life was necessary to redeem life, and that the gods would be satisfied with nothing less. a male. See on ver. 3; ch. 4:23; 22:19. Mal. 1:14.
11 he shall. See on ver. 5. Ex. 40:22. Eze. 8:5. northward. ch. 6:25; 7:2. and the. ver. 7–9; ch. 9:12–14.
12 ver. 6–8.
13 See ver. 9.
14 of fowls. ch. 5:7; 12:8. Mat. 11:29. Lu. 2:24. 2 Co. 8:12. He. 7:26.
15 wring off his head. or, pinch off the head with the nail. ch. 5:8. Ps. 22:1, 21; 69:1–21. Is. 53:4, 5, 10. Mat. ch. 26; 27. Jno. 12:27.
16 his feathers. or, the filth thereof. Lu. 1:35. 1 Pe. 1:2. by the place. ch. 4:12; 6:10, 11; 16:27. He. 13:11–14.
17 shall not. Ge. 15:10. Ps. 16:10. Mat. 27:50. Jno. 19:30. Ro. 4:25. 1 Pe. 1:19–21; 3:18. it is. ver. 9, 10, 13. Ge. 8:21. Ro. 12:1. He. 10:6–12; 13:15, 16.


  CHAP. 2

  The meat offering of flour with oil and incense, 1–3, either baked in the oven, 4, or on a plate, 5, 6, or in a frying-pan, 7–11. The first fruits not to be burnt on the altar, 12. Salt to be used with every offering, 13. The offering of first fruits in the ear, 14–16.

1 meat offering. Minchah, from the Arabic manacha, to give, especially as a reciprocal gift, a gift, oblation, or eucharistical or gratitude offering, for the bounties of providence displayed in the fruits of the earth. It is termed a meat offering by our translators, because the term meat in their time was the general name for food. ch. 6:14–18, 20–23; 9:17. Nu. 15:4–21. Is. 66:20. Jno. 6:35. fine flour. Ex. 29:2. Nu. 7:13, 19. Joel. 1:9; 2:14. pour oil. ver. 4–8, 15, 16; ch. 7:10–12. 1 Jno. 2:20, 27. Jude 20. frankincense. Mal. 1:11. Lu. 1:9, 10. Re. 8:3.
2 the memorial. ver. 9; ch. 5:12; 6:15; 24:7. Ex. 30:16. Nu. 5:18. Ne. 13:14, 22. Is. 66:3. Ac. 10:4.
3 the remnant. ch. 6:16, 17, 26; 7:9; 10:12, 13; 21:22. Nu. 18:9. 1 Sa. 2:28. most holy. ch. 6:17; 10:12; 21:22. Ex. 29:37. Nu. 18:9.
4 meat offering. 1 Ch. 23:28, 29. Ps. 22:14. Eze. 46:20. Mat. 26:38. Jno. 12:27. the oven. Tannur, probably such an oven as that described by D’ARVIEUX, as used by the Arabs. He states that they make a fire in a great stone pitcher, and when heated, mix meal and water, which they apply with the hollow of their hands to the outside, and this soft paste spreading itself upon it, is baked in an instant, and the bread comes off as thin as our wafers. unleavened cakes. ver. 1, 11; ch. 6:17; 7:12; 10:12. Ex. 12:8. 1 Co. 5:7, 8. He. 7:26. 1 Pe. 2:1, 22. wafers. Ex. 16:31; 29:2. Is. 42:1; 44:3–5; 61:1. Jno. 3:34.
5 in a pan. or, on a flat plate, or slice. Machavath, a flat iron plate, such as the Arabs still use to bake their cakes on, and which is called a griddle in some of our counties.
6 ch. 1:6. Ps. 22:1–21. Mar. ch. 14; 15. Jno. ch. 18; 19.
7 the frying-pan. Marchesheth, a shallow earthen vessel, like a frying-pan, which the Arabs call a tajen. of fine. See on ver. 1, 2.
9 a memorial. ver. 2; ch. 6:15. an offering. ver. 2. Ex. 29:18. Ps. 22:13, 14. Is. 53:10. Zec. 13:7, 9. Ro. 12:1; 15:16. Ep. 5:2. Phi. 2:17; 4:18.
10 See on ver. 3.
11 no leaven. ch. 6:17. Ex. 12:19, 20. Mat. 16:6, 11, 12. Mar. 8:15. Lu. 12:1. 1 Co. 5:6–8. Ga. 5:9. honey. Pr. 24:13; 25:16, 27. Lu. 21:34. Ac. 14:22. 1 Pe. 4:2.
12 the oblation. ch. 23:10, 11, 17. Ex. 22:29; 23:10, 11, 19. Nu. 15:20. De. 26:10. 2 Ch. 31:5. 1 Co. 15:20. Re. 14:4. be burnt. Heb. ascend.
13 with salt. Eze. 7:22. Eze. 43:24. Mat. 5:13. Mar. 9:49, 50. Col. 4:6. the salt. Nu. 18:19. 2 Ch. 13:5. with all thine. Eze. 43:24.
14 a meat offering. These first fruits seem to have been the voluntary oblation brought by individuals, of the finest ears of corn out of the field, before the harvest was ripe. ch. 22:29; 23:10, 14–17, 20. Ge. 4:3. Nu. 28:2. De. 26:2. Pr. 3:9, 10. Is. 53:2–10. Mal. 1:11. 1 Co. 15:20. Re. 14:4. corn beaten. 2 Ki. 4:42.
15 See on ver. 1.
16 See on ver. 1, 2, 4–7, 9, 12. Ps. 141:2. Is. 11:2–4; 61:1. Ro. 8:26, 27. He. 5:7.


  CHAP. 3

  The peace offering of the herd, 1–5; of the flock, 6; whether a lamb, 7–11, or a goat, 12–16. A prohibition to eat fat or blood, 17.

1 a sacrifice. ch. 7:11–21, 29–34; 22:19–21. Ex. 20:24; 24:5; 29:28. Nu. 6:14; 7:17. Ju. 20:26; 21:4. 1 Ch. 21:26. Pr. 7:14. Eze. 45:15. Am. 5:22. Ro. 5:1, 2. Col. 1:20. 1 Jno. 1:3. without. See on ch. 1:3. Nu. 6:14. Mal. 1:8, 14. He. 10:22.
2 lay. ch. 1:4, 5; 8:22; 16:21, 22. Ex. 29:10. Is. 53:6. 2 Co. 5:21. 1 Jno. 1:9, 10. kill it. ch. 1:11. Zec. 12:10. Ac. 2:36–38; 3:15, 26; 4:10–12, 26–28.
3 the fat. or, suet. ver. 16; ch. 4:8, 9; 7:3, 4. Ex. 29:13, 22. De. 30:6. Ps. 119:70. Pr. 23:26. Is. 6:10. Eze. 36:26. Mat. 13:16; 15:8. Ro. 5:5; 6:6.
4 caul above the liver, with the kidneys. or, midriff over the liver, and over the kidneys.
5 Aaron’s. ch. 1:9; 4:31, 35; 6:12; 9:9, 10. Ex. 29:13. 1 Sa. 2:15, 16. 1 Ki. 8:64. 2 Ch. 35:14. Eze. 44:7, 15. upon the burnt. ch. 6:12. 1 Pe. 2:5.
6 a sacrifice. Ga. 4:4. Ep. 1:10; 2:13–22. be of. ver. 1; ch. 1:2, 10. Is. 60:7. male. Ga. 3:28. he shall. ver. 1, etc. Ac. 4:27. Ro. 12:1, 2. Tit. 2:11, 12.
7 offer it. ver. 1. 1 Ki. 8:62. Ep. 5:2, 12. He. 9:14.
8 he shall. See on ver. 2–5, 13; ch. 4:4, 15, 24. Is. 53:6, 11, 12. 2 Co. 5:21. 1 Pe. 2:24. kill it. Ep. 2:18; 3:12. He. 10:19–22. sprinkle. ch. 1:5, 11. Mat. 3:17. 2 Co. 5:19.
9 the fat. ver. 3, 4. Pr. 23:26. Is. 53:10. the whole rump. To what has already been said on the tails of eastern sheep, we may add the testimony of LUDOLF, who states that they are so very large, some of them weighing from twelve to fourteen pounds, ‘that the owners are obliged to tie a little cart behind them, whereupon they put the tail of the sheep, as well for the convenience of carriage, and to ease the poor creatures, as to preserve the wool from dirt, and the tail from being torn among the bushes and stones.’ The same is testified by Dr. RUSSELL, who says, ‘In some other places where they feed in the fields, the shepherds are obliged to fix a piece of thin board to the under part of the tail, to prevent its being torn by bushes, thistles, etc., as it is not covered underneath with thick wool, like the upper part; and some have small wheels to facilitate the dragging of the board after them.’ ch. 7:3; 8:25; 9:19. Ex. 29:22.
10 the caul. ver. 4.
11 burn. ver. 5. Ps. 22:14. Is. 53:4–10. Ro. 8:32. the food. ver. 16; ch. 21:6, 8, 17, 21, 22; 22:25. Nu. 28:2. Eze. 44:7. Mal. 1:7, 12. 1 Co. 10:21. Re. 3:20.
12 a goat. ver. 1, 7, etc.; ch. 1:2, 6, 10; 9:3, 15; 10:16; 22:19–27. Is. 53:2, 6. Mat. 25:32, 33. Ro. 8:3. 2 Co. 5:21.
13 lay his hand. See on ver. 1–5, 8. Is. 53:6, 11, 12. 2 Co. 5:21. 1 Pe. 2:24; 3:18. sprinkle. ver. 2, 8. Is. 52:15. Ro. 5:6–11, 15–21. He. 12:24. 1 Pe. 1:2.
14 the fat that covereth. ver. 3–5, 9–11. Ps. 22:14, 15. Pr. 23:26. Je. 46:21. Mat. 22:37; 26:38. Ro. 12:1, 2.
16 it is the food. See on ver. 11. all the fat. ver. 3–5, 9–11, 14, 15; ch. 4:8–19, 26, 31; 7:23–25; 8:25; 9:24; 17:6. Ex. 29:13, 22. 1 Sa. 2:15, 16. 2 Ch. 7:7. Is. 53:10. Mat. 22:37.
17 a perpetual. ch. 6:18; 7:36; 16:34; 17:7; 23:14. Nu. 19:21. eat neither. That is, neither the blood which is contained in the larger veins and arteries, nor the fat or suet which is within the animal, which exists in a separate or unmixed state, as the omentum or caul, the fat of the mesentery, or fatty part of the substance which connects the convolutions of the alimentary canal or small intestines, the fat of the kidneys, and whatever else of the internal fat was easily separable, together with the whole of the tail already described; for the blood which assumes the form of gravy, and the fat which is intermixed with the other flesh, might be eaten. This law not only related to the sacrifices, but to all the cattle which the Israelites slaughtered for food. ver. 16. De. 32:14. Ne. 8:10. blood. ch. 7:23, 25–27; 17:10–14. Ge. 9:4. De. 12:16, 23; 15:23. 1 Sa. 14:32–34. Eze. 33:25; 44:7, 15. Mat. 16:24; 26:28. Ac. 15:20, 21, 29. Ep. 1:7; 5:26. 1 Ti. 4:4.


  CHAP. 4

  The sin offering of ignorance, 1, 2; for the priest, 3–12; for the congregation, 13–21; for the ruler, 22–26; for any of the people, 27–35.

2 through. ch. 5:15, 17. Nu. 15:22–29. De. 19:4. 1 Sa. 14:27. Ps. 19:12. 1 Ti. 1:13. He. 5:2; 9:7. which ought. ver. 27. Ge. 20:9. Ja. 3:10.
3 the priest. ch. 8:12; 21:10–12. Ex. 29:7, 21. a young bullock. ver. 14; ch. 9:2; 16:6, 11. Eze. 43:19. for a sin. ch. 5:6. Ex. 29:14; 30:10. Nu. 8:8. Ezr. 8:35. Ro. 8:3. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 5:3; 7:27, 28.
4 bring. ch. 1:3. Ex. 29:10, 11. lay his hand. See on ch. 1:4; 16:21. Is. 53:6. Da. 9:26. 1 Pe. 3:18.
5 ver. 16, 17; ch. 16:14, 19. Nu. 19:4. 1 Jno. 1:7.
6 dip. ver. 17, 25, 30, 34; ch. 8:15; 9:9; 16:14, 19. Nu. 19:4. seven times. The number seven is what is called a number of perfection among the Hebrews; and is often used to denote the completion, fulness, or perfection of a thing. ch. 14:16, 18, 27; 25:8; 26:18, 24, 28. Jos. 6:4, 8.
7 the horns. ch. 8:15; 9:9; 16:18. Ex. 30:1–10. Ps. 118:27. He. 9:21–25. all the blood. ver. 18, 34; ch. 5:9; 8:15. Ep. 2:13.
8 See on ver. 19, 26, 31, 35; ch. 3:3–5, 9–11, 14–16; 7:3–5; 16:25. Is. 53:10. Jno. 12:27.
11 ver. 21; ch. 6:30; 8:14–17; 9:8–11; 16:27. Ex. 29:14. Nu. 19:5. Ps. 103:12. He. 13:11–13.
12 without the camp. Heb. to without the camp. This was intended, figuratively, to express the enormity of this sin, and the availableness of the atonement. The sacrifice, as having the sin of the priest transferred from himself to it, by his confession and imposition of hands, was become unclean and abominable, and was carried, as it were, out of God’s sight; and thus its own offensiveness was removed, with the sin of the person in whose behalf it was offered. ch. 13:46. Nu. 5:3; 15:35; 19:3. the ashes. ch. 6:10, 11. burn him. Ex. 29:14. Nu. 19:5. He. 13:11. where the ashes are poured out. Heb. at the pouring out of the ashes.
13 the whole congregation. This may refer to some oversight in acts of religious worship, or to some transgression of the letter of the law, which arose out of the peculiar circumstances in which they were then found, as in the case mentioned in 1 Sa. 14:32, et seq. The sacrifices and rites in this case were the same as in the preceding; only here the elders laid their hands on the head of the victim, in the name of all the congregation. through ignorance. See on ver. 1, 2; ch. 5:2–5, 17. Nu. 15:24–29. Jos. 7:11, 24–26. 1 Ti. 1:13. He. 10:26–29. and are guilty. ch. 5:2–5, 17; 6:4. Ezr. 10:19. Ho. 5:15. marg. 1 Co. 11:27.
14 young bullock. See on ver. 3.
15 the elders. Ex. 24:1, 9. Nu. 11:16, 25. De. 21:3–9. lay. See on ver. 4; ch. 1:4; 16:21.
16 See on ver. 5–12. He. 9:12–14.
17 See ver. 6, 7.
18 upon the. ver. 7. and shall pour out. The reason for pouring out the blood, which is so constantly and strictly required by the law, was in opposition to an idolatrous custom of the ancient Zabii, who ‘were accustomed to eat of the blood of their sacrifices, because they imagined this to be the food of their gods, with whom they thought they had such communion, by eating their meat, that they revealed to them future things.’—MAIMONIDES.
19 ver. 8–10, 26, 31, 35; ch. 5:6; 6:7; 12:8; 14:18. Nu. 15:25. Ps. 22:14. He. 1:3; 9:14.
20 with the. ver. 3. an atonement. ver. 26; ch. 1:4; 5:6; 6:7; 12:8; 14:18. Ex. 32:30. Nu. 15:25. Da. 9:24. Ro. 5:11. Ga. 3:13. He. 1:3; 2:17; 9:14; 10:10–12. 1 Jno. 1:7; 2:2. Re. 1:5.
21 as he. ver. 11, 12. a sin offering. ch. 16:15, 21. 2 Ch. 29:21–24. Ezr. 8:35. Mat. 20:28. 2 Co. 5:21. 1 Ti. 2:5, 6.
22 a ruler hath sinned. Under the term nasi, that is, one preferred or elevated above others, from nasa, to exalt, it is probable that any person is meant who held any kind of political dignity among the people; and it evidently means the head of a tribe in Nu. 1:4, 16; 7:2. But the Rabbins generally understand it of the prince of the great sanhedrin, who, when they were under the regal form of government, was the king. A kid of the goats was the sacrifice in this case; and the rites were nearly the same as in the preceding, only the fat was burnt as that of the peace offering. (ver. 26.) Ex. 18:21. Nu. 16:2. 2 Sa. 21:1–3; 24:10–17. and done. See on ver. 2, 13.
23 if his sin. ver. 14; ch. 5:4. 2 Ki. 22:10–13. a kid. ch. 9:3; 23:19. Nu. 7:16, 22, 28, 34; 15:24; 28:15, 30; 29:5, 11, 16, 19. Ro. 8:3.
24 And he. ver. 4, etc. Is. 53:6. in the place. ch. 1:5, 11; 3:2, 8, 13; 4:4, 15, 29, 33; 6:25; 7:2; 16:15. Ex. 29:38. it is a sin. See on ver. 3, 21, 31, 35.
25 put. ver. 7, 18, 30, 34; ch. 8:10, 15; 9:9; 16:18. Is. 40:21. Ro. 3:24–26; 8:3, 4; 10:4. He. 2:10; 9:22.
26 the fat. ver. 8–10, 35. See on ch. 3:5; 6:20–30. an atonement. See on ver. 20. Nu. 15:28.
27 any one. Heb. any soul. ver. 2. Nu. 15:27. common people. Heb. people of the land. Am haäretz; that is, any individual who was not a priest, king, or ruler among the people; an ordinary person. Any of these having transgressed, was obliged to bring a lamb or kid, the ceremonies being nearly the same as in the preceding cases. See on ver. 2, 13. Ex. 12:49. Nu. 5:6; 15:16, 29.
28 a kid. ver. 23, 32; ch. 5:6. Ge. 3:15. Is. 7:14. Je. 31:22. Ro. 8:3. Ga. 4:4, 5. a female. ver. 23. Ga. 3:28.
29 See on ver. 4, 15, 24, 33. He. 10:4–14.
30 upon the horns. ver. 25, 34. Is. 42:21. Ro. 8:3, 4; 10:4. He. 2:10. pour out. There may have been some place at the bottom of the altar to receive and carry off the blood.
31 all the fat. ver. 8–10, 19, 26, 35; ch. 3:3–5, 9–11, 14–16. a sweet. ch. 1:9, 13, 17; 3:3, 5; 8:21. Ex. 29:18. Ezr. 6:10. Job 42:8. Ps. 40:6, 7; 51:16, 17; 69:30, 31. Is. 42:21; 53:10. Mat. 3:17. Ep. 5:2. He. 1:3; 9:12, 14, 15; 10:12, 14. 1 Pe. 2:4, 5. 1 Jno. 1:7; 4:9, 10. Re. 5:9. and the priest. ver. 26, 35.
32 a lamb. ver. 28; ch. 3:6, 7; 5:6. Ex. 12:3, 5. Is. 53:7. Lu. 1:35. Jno. 1:29, 36. He. 7:26. 1 Pe. 1:18–20; 2:22, 24; 3:18. Re. 5:6, 8, 9. without blemish. ver. 28. Ep. 5:27. He. 9:14. 1 Pe. 2:22; 3:18.
33 See on ver. 4, 29–31.
34 the horns of the altar. ver. 25, 30. Is. 42:21. Jno. 17:19. Ro. 8:1, 3; 10:4. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 2:10; 10:29. 1 Pe. 1:18–20; 2:24; 3:18.
35 And he. See ver. 31. according. ch. 1–6. and the priest shall make. ver. 20, 26, 30, 31; ch. 1:4; 5:6, 10, 13; 6:7; 9:7; 12:8; 14:18, 53; ch. 16. Nu. 15:25. Ro. 3:24–26; 4:25; 5:6–11, 15–21; 8:1, 3, 4; 10:4. 2 Co. 5:21. Ep. 1:6, 7; 5:2. Col. 1:14. He. 1:3; 4:14; 7:26; 9:14. 1 Pe. 1:18, 19; 2:22, 24; 3:18. 1 Jno. 1:7; 2:2; 4:9, 10. Re. 1:5, 6.


  CHAP. 5

  He that sins in concealing his knowledge, 1; in touching an unclean thing, 2, 3; or in making an oath, 4, 5. His trespass offering, of’the flock, 6; of fowls, 7–10; or of flour, 11–13. The trespass offering in sacrilege, 14–16; and in sins of ignorance, 17–19.

1 a soul. ver. 15, 17; ch. 4:2. Eze. 18:4, 20. hear. Ex. 22:11. Ju. 17:2. 1 Ki. 8:31; 22:16. 2 Ch. 18:15. Pr. 29:24; 30:9. Mat. 26:63. the voice of swearing. Kol alah, rather, ‘the voice of adjuration,’ φωνην ορκισμου, as the LXX. render; for this does not relate to the duty of informing against a common swearer, but to the case of a person who, being adjured by the civil magistrate to answer upon oath, refuses to declare what he knows upon the subject—such an one shall bear his iniquity—shall be considered as guilty in the sight of God of the transgression which he has endeavoured to conceal, and must expect to be punished for hiding the iniquity with which he was acquainted. bear. ver. 17; ch. 7:18; 17:16; 19:8; 20:17. Nu. 9:13. Ps. 38:4. Is. 53:11. 1 Pe. 2:24.
2 touch. ch. 7:21; 11:24, 28, 31, 39. Nu. 19:11–16. De. 14:8. Is. 52:11. Hag. 2:13. 2 Co. 6:17. hidden. ver. 4, 17. Ps. 19:12. Lu. 11:44. and guilty. ver. 17; ch. 4:13.
3 the uncleanness. ch. 12; 13; 15; 22:4–6. Nu. 19:11–16. when. ver. 4.
4 if a soul. This relates to rash oaths or vows, which a man was afterwards unable, or which it would have been sinful, to perform. to do evil. ch. 27:2, etc. Jos. 2:14; 9:15. Ju. 9:19; 11:31; 21:7, 18. 1 Sa. 1:11; 14:24–28; 24:21, 22; 25:22. 2 Sa. 21:7. 2 Ki. 6:31. Ps. 132:2–5. Ec. 5:2–6. Eze. 17:18, 19. Mat. 14:7, 9. Mar. 6:23. Ac. 23:12.
5 confess. ch. 16:21; 26:40. Nu. 5:7. Jos. 7:19. Ezr. 10:11, 12. Job 33:27. Ps. 32:5. Pr. 28:13. Je. 3:13. Da. 9:4. Ro. 10:10. 1 Jno. 1:8–10.
6 trespass offering. It is remarkable, that in this and the following verse, the sacrifice offered is indifferently called asham, a trespass offering, and chattath, a sin offering; yet the Marginal References show that these differ in several respects. Sin offerings were sometimes offered for the whole congregation; trespass offerings never, but only for particular persons. Bullocks were sometimes used for sin offerings, never for trespass offerings. The blood of the sin offerings was put on the horns of the altar, that of the trespass offerings was only sprinkled round the bottom of the altar. The sin offering seems to have been for the expiation of offences committed in matters of religion, from a mistake or inadvertency respecting the law; but the trespass offering was required for the casual deviations from the ritual law, when well known, or for crimes against moral precepts, implying injustice to man. ch. 4:28, 32; 6:6; 7:1–7; 14:12, 13; 19:21, 22. Nu. 6:12. Eze. 40:39; 42:13. a female. ch. 4:28, 32. the priest. See on ch. 4:20.
7 he be not able to bring a lamb. Heb. his hand cannot reach to the sufficiency of a lamb. ver. 11; ch. 12:8; 14:21. 2 Co. 8:12. Ja. 2:5, 6. two turtle-doves. ch. 1:14, 15. Mat. 3:16; 10:16. Lu. 2:24. one. ver. 8, 9; ch. 9:3; 14:22, 31; 15:14, 15, 30; 16:5. He. 10:6–10.
8 wring off. ch. 1:15. Ro. 4:25. 1 Pe. 3:18.
9 sprinkle. See on ch. 1:5; 4:25, 30, 34; 7:2. Ex. 12:22, 23. Is. 42:21. He. 2:10; 12:24. the rest. ch. 4:7, 18, 25, 30, 34.
10 offer. ch. 1:14–17. Ep. 5:2. manner. or, ordinance. See on ch. 1:14–17. make. ver. 6, 13, 16; ch. 4:20, 26, 31, 35. Ro. 5:11. 1 Jno. 2:2. it. Ja. 5:15.
11 But if. See on ver. 7. the tenth part. Ex. 16:18, 36. fine flour. ch. 2:1. Nu. 7:13, 19, etc.; 15:4–9. no oil. ch. 2:1, 2, 4, 5, 15, 16. Nu. 5:15. Ps. 22:1–21; 69:1–21. Is. 53:2–10. for it is. ver. 6, 9, 12. 2 Co. 5:21.
12 a memorial. ch. 2:2, 9, 16; 6:15. Nu. 5:26. Ac. 10:4. Ep. 5:2. according. ch. 1:9, 13, 17; 2:9; 3:4, 11; 4:35.
13 the priest. ver. 6; ch. 4:20, 26, 31. shall be. ch. 2:3, 10; 7:6. 1 Sa. 2:28. Ho. 4:8. 1 Co. 9:13.
15 a soul. ver. 1, 2; ch. 4:2. in the. ver. 16; ch. 7:1, 6; 10:17, 18; 22:1–16; 24:5–9; 27:9–33. Nu. 18:9–32. De. 12:5–12, 26; 15:19, 20; 26:1–15. ram. ver. 18; ch. 6:6. Ezr. 10:19. thy estimation. ch. 26:2–8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 23–27. the shekel. ch. 27:25. Ex. 30:13.
16 make. ch. 22:14. Ex. 22:1, 3, 4. Ps. 69:4. Lu. 19:8. Ac. 26:20. the fifth. ch. 6:4, 5; 27:13, 15, 27, 31. Nu. 5:7. and the priest. ver. 6, 10, 13; ch. 4:26. He. 9:13, 14. 1 Jno. 2:1, 2.
17 a soul sin. This case is supposed to differ from the preceding, merely in that the person concerned was not certain whether he had or had not committed the trespass. It is therefore called by the Hebrews a doubtful trespass offering. ver. 1; ch. 4:2–4, 13, 22, 27. though. ver. 15. Ps. 19:12. Lu. 12:48. Ro. 14:23. yet is he. ver. 1, 2; ch. 4:2, 13, 27.
18 And he. See on ver. 15, 16. for a trespass. ch. 6:6. 1 Ti. 2:5, 6. and the priest. ver. 16; ch. 1:4; 4:20; 6:7.
19 trespassed. Ezr. 10:2. Ps. 51:4. Mal. 3:8. 2 Co. 5:19–21.


  CHAP. 6

  The trespass offering for sins done wittingly, 1–7. The law of the burnt offering, 8–13; and of the meat offering, 14–18. The offering at the consecration of a priest, 19–23. The law of the sin offering, 24–30.

2 commit. ch. 5:15, 19. Nu. 5:6–8. Ps. 51:4. lie. ch. 19:11. Ge. 26:7. Jno. 8:44. Ac. 5:4. Ep. 4:25. Col. 3:9. Re. 22:15. in that. Ex. 22:7–10. in fellowship. or, in dealing. Heb. in putting of the hand. Is. 21:2; 24:16; 33:1. Hab. 1:13. deceived. Pr. 24:28; 26:19. Is. 59:13–15. Je. 9:5. Am. 8:5. Mi. 6:10–12.
3 have found. Ex. 23:4. De. 22:1–3. sweareth. ch. 19:12. Ex. 22:9–11. Pr. 30:9. Je. 5:2; 7:9. Zec. 5:4. Mal. 3:5.
4 because. ch. 4:13–15; 5:3, 4. which he. Ge. 21:25. Job. 20:19; 24:2. Is. 59:6. Eze. 18:7, 12, 18. Am. 3:10. Mi. 2:2. Zep. 1:9.
5 restore. ch. 5:16. Ex. 22:1, 4, 7, 9. Nu. 5:7, 8. 1 Sa. 12:3. 2 Sa. 12:6. Pr. 6:30, 31. Is. 58:6, 9. Lu. 19:8. in the principal. The property itself, if still remaining, or its full value, to which a fifth part more was to be added, to compensate the owner for the loss he had sustained by being deprived of the use of his goods. He must also bring a trespass offering to the Lord; which was intended to show that disobedience to God is the great evil, even of those crimes which are injurious to man, and that repentance, and even restitution, though needful in order to forgiveness, cannot atone for sin. of his trespass offering. or, of his being found guilty. Heb. of his trespass. Mat. 5:23, 24.
6 a ram. ch. 5:15, 18. Is. 53:10, 11.
7 make. ch. 4:20, 26, 31; 5:10, 13, 15, 16, 18. Ex. 34:7. Eze. 18:21–23, 26, 27; 33:14–16, 19. Mi. 7:18. 1 Jno. 1:7, 9; 2:1, 2. it shall be. Is. 1:18. Mat. 12:31. 1 Co. 6:9–11.
8 At this verse the Jews begin the twenty-fifth section of the law, and also, in the best Hebrew Bibles, the sixth chapter, which undoubtedly ought to begin here, as the inspired writer enters upon a new subject; the former part of the book being intended for the instruction of the people relative to the several sacrifices to be brought; but this for the instruction of the priests respecting some particulars of their official services.
9 of the burnt. See on ch. 1. Ex. 29:38–42. Nu. 28:3. because of the burning. or, for the burning. ver. 12, 13.
10 linen garment. ch. 16:4. Ex. 28:39–43; 39:27–29. Eze. 44:17, 18. Re. 7:13; 19:8, 14. consumed. ch. 1:9, 13, 17. Nu. 16:21, 35. Ps. 20:3, marg.; 37:20. beside. ch. 1:16.
11 put off. ch. 16:23, 24. Eze. 44:19. without. ch. 4:12, 21; 14:40, 41; 16:27. He. 13:11–13.
12 the fire. ch. 9:24. Nu. 4:13, 14. Mar. 9:48, 49. He. 10:27. burn wood. ch. 1:7–9; 3:3–5, 9–11, 14–16. Ex. 29:38–42. Ne. 13:31. The efficacy of the priesthood and mediation of Christ’s perpetual, and we can never approach to God in his name, by day or night, unseasonably. The ministers of Christ should have the fire of their zeal constantly burning.
14 the meat offering. See on ch. 2:1, 2. Nu. 15:4, 6, 9. Jno. 6:32.
15 the memorial. See on ch. 2:2, 9.
16 the remainder. ch. 2:3, 10; 5:13. Eze. 44:29. 1 Co. 9:13–15. unleavened. Ex. 12:8. 1 Co. 5:8. shall it. ver. 26; ch. 10:12, 13. Nu. 18:9, 10.
17 baken. ch. 2:11. 1 Pe. 2:22. I have. Nu. 18:9, 10. it is most holy. ver. 25; ch. 2:3; 7:1, 6. Ex. 29:33, 34, 37.
18 the males. ver. 29; ch. 21:21, 22. Nu. 18:10. It shall. See on ch. 3:17. every one. Kol asher yiggâ bahem yikdash, ‘all (whether person or thing) that toucheth them shall be (or must be) holy;’ that is, the priests must not eat of these oblations when under any ceremonial defilement, and the sacred utensils used about them must not be employed for any other purpose, or in any other way. ch. 22:3–7. Ex. 29:37. Hag. 2:12–14. Zec. 14:20, 21. 1 Pe. 1:16; 2:9.
20 the offering. This oblation, which the Jews call a mincha of initiation, seems to have been required of the high priest alone ‘on the day in which he was anointed,’ and from that time, every morning and evening, as long as he continued in office, and then in like manner of his successor; for, by ‘the sons of Aaron,’ may be understood his descendants and successors in the high priesthood, in their generations. Ex. 29:2. Nu. 18:26–32. He. 5:1; 7:27; 8:3, 4. in the day. The word beyom, signifies not only in the day, but from that day forward; for it was a daily oblation, and for them and their successors, a statute for ever. ver. 22. the tenth. ch. 5:1. Ex. 16:36. a meat offering. ch. 2:1, etc. Ex. 29:35–42. Nu. 28:3, 10.
21 ch. 2:5; 7:9. 1 Ch. 9:31.
22 is anointed. ch. 4:3. De. 10:6. He. 7:23. wholly. ch. 8:21. Ex. 29:22–25. Is. 53:10.
23 shall be. The meat offering of the people was eaten by the priests, who typically bore and expiated their sins; but as no priest, being a sinner, could make atonement for himself, his meat offering must not be eaten, but wholly burnt on the altar, which was a typical transfer of his guilt to the great antitype who actually bore and expiated it. it shall not be. ver. 16, 17; ch. 2:10.
25 the law. See on ch. 4:2, 3, etc., 21, 24, 33, 34. In the. ch. 1:3, 5, 11; 4:24, 29, 33. it is. ver. 17; ch. 21:22.
26 priest. ch. 10:17, 18. Nu. 18:9, 10. Eze. 44:28, 29; 46:20. Ho. 4:8. in the holy. ver. 16. in the court. Ex. 27:9–18; 38:9–19; 40:33. Eze. 42:13.
27 touch. ver. 18. Ex. 29:37; 30:29. Hag. 2:12. Mat. 9:21; 14:36. wash. ch. 11:32. 2 Co. 7:1, 11.
28 ch. 11:33; 15:12. He. 9:9, 10.
29 the males. See on ver. 18. Nu. 18:10. it is. ver. 25.
30 ch. 4:3–21; 10:18; 16:27, 28. He. 9:11, 12; 13:11.


  CHAP. 7

  The law of the trespass offering, 1–10; and of the peace offering, 11; whether it be for a thanksgiving, 12–15; or a vow, or a free will offering, 16–21. The fat and the blood are forbidden, 22–27. The priests’ portion in the peace offerings, 28–34. The whole summed up, 35–38.

1 the law. ch. 5; 6:1–7; 14:12, 13; 19:21, 22. Nu. 6:12. Eze. 40:39; 44:29; 46:20. it is. ch. 6:17, 25; 21:22.
2 in the place. ch. 1:3, 5, 11; 4:24, 29, 33; 6:25. Nu. 6:12. Eze. 40:39. and the. ch. 1:5; 3:2, 8; 5:9. Is. 52:15. Eze. 36:25. He. 9:19–22; 11:28; 12:24. 1 Pe. 1:2.
3 See on ch. 3:3–5, 9–11, 15, 16; 4:8–10. Ex. 29:13. Ps. 51:6, 17.
5 ch. 1:9, 13; 2:2, 9, 16; 3:16. Ga. 2:20; 5:24. 1 Pe. 4:1, 2.
6 male. ch. 6:16–18, 29. Nu. 18:9, 10. it is most holy. ch. 2:3.
7 the trespass. ch. 6:25, 26; 14:13.
8 even the priest. All the flesh of the burnt offerings being consumed upon the altar, as well as the fat, there could nothing fall to the share of the priest but the skin; which must have been very valuable, as they were used as mattresses (ch. 15:17,) or as carpets to sit upon in the day. They are still used for the same purpose by some of the inhabitants and dervishes of the East. Bishop PATRICK remarks, that Adam himself offered the first sacrifice, and had the skin given him by God, to make garments for him and his wife; in conformity with which, the priests ever after had the skin of the whole burnt offerings for their portion. skin. ch. 1:6; 4:11. Ge. 3:21. Ex. 29:14. Nu. 19:5. Ro. 13:14.
9 the meat. ch. 2:4–7. Nu. 18:9. Eze. 44:29. in the pan. or, on the flat plate, or slice. ch. 2:5, marg. shall be. ch. 2:3, 10; 5:13; 6:16–18. 1 Co. 9:7, 13. Ga. 6:6.
10 one as much. Ex. 16:18. 2 Co. 8:14.
11 ch. 3; 22:18–21. Eze. 45:15.
12 a thanksgiving. ch. 22:29. 2 Ch. 29:31; 33:16. Ne. 12:43. Ps. 50:13, 14, 23; 103:1, 2; 107:8, 21, 22; 116:17. Je. 33:11. Ho. 14:2. Lu. 17:16, 18. Ro. 1:21. 2 Co. 9:11–15. Ep. 5:20. He. 13:15. 1 Pe. 2:5. unleavened wafers. ch. 2:4; 6:16. Nu. 6:15.
13 leavened. ch. 23:17. Am. 4:5 Mat. 13:33. 1 Ti. 4:4.
14 an heave. See on Ex. 29:27, 28. Nu. 15:19–21; 18:24–28; 31:29, 41. the priest’s. ch. 6:26. Nu. 18:8–11, 19, 26–32.
15 be eaten. ch. 22:29, 30. See on Ex. 12:10; 16:19. Ec. 9:10. Jno. 9:4. 2 Co. 6:2. He. 3:13–15. he shall not. Mr. HARMER supposes that this law refers to the custom of drying flesh, that had been devoted to a religious purpose, which is practised among the Mohammedans at the present day, on their pilgrimage to Mecca. ‘It would not have suited,’ he observes, ‘the genius of the Mosaic dispensation, to have allowed them to have dried the flesh of their peace offerings, whether in thanksgiving, in consequence of a vow, or merely voluntary, and have afterwards eaten the flesh very commonly in a sparing manner, or communicated only some small portion of it to their particular friends: their peace offerings were to be eaten, on the contrary, with festivity, communicated to their friends with liberality, and bestowed on the poor with great generosity, that they might partake with them of these sacred repasts with joy before the Lord.’
16 be a vow. ch. 22:18–21; 23:38. Nu. 15:3. De. 12:6, 11, 17, 26. Ps. 66:13; 116:14, 18. Na. 1:15. a voluntary. ch. 22:23, 29. De. 12:6. Eze. 46:12. also the. ch. 19:5–8.
17 on the third. ch. 19:7. Ge. 22:4. Ex. 19:11. Ho. 6:2. 1 Co. 15:4. burnt. ch. 6:22, 23; 10:16. Ex. 12:10; 29:14.
18 it shall. ch. 10:19; 19:7, 8; 22:23, 25. Je. 14:10, 12. Ho. 8:13. Am. 5:22. Mal. 1:10, 13. be imputed. Nu. 18:27. Ro. 4:11. an abomination. ch. 11:10, 11, 41. Is. 1:11–14; 65:4; 66:3. Lu. 16:15. bear. ch. 5:17; 10:17; 17:16; 19:7, 8; 20:17, 19; 22:16. Is. 53:11, 12. Eze. 18:20. He. 9:28. 1 Pe. 2:24.
19 ch. 11:24–39. Nu. 19:11–16. Lu. 11:41. Ac. 10:15, 16, 28. Ro. 14:14, 20. 2 Co. 6:17. Tit. 1:15.
20 having. ch. 15:2, 3, etc. 1 Co. 11:28. shall be. Ge. 17:14.
21 the uncleanness. ch. 5:2, 3; ch. 12; 13; 15; 22:4. Nu. 19:11–16. any unclean. ch. 11:24–42. De. 14:7, 8, 10, 12–20. abominable. ch. 11:10–13, 20, 41, 42. De. 14:3. Eze. 4:14. cut off. ver. 20, 25, 27; ch. 17:10, 14; 18:29. Ge. 17:14. Ex. 12:15, 19; 30:33–38.
23 fat. Any other fat they might eat; but the fat of these was sacred, because they were the only animals which were offered in sacrifice, though many others ranked among the clean animals as well as these. This prohibition may, however, be understood of these animals when offered in sacrifice, and then only in reference to the inward fat, described in ver. 4. Of the fat in any other circumstances, it cannot be intended, as it was one of the especial blessings which God gave to his people.—‘Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats,’ were the provision which he graciously bestowed on his followers. (See De. 32:12–14.) ch. 3:16, 17; 4:8–10; 17:6. De. 32:38. 1 Sa. 2:15–17, 29. Ac. 28:27. Ro. 8:13; 13:13.
24 beast. Heb. carcase. ch. 17:15; 22:8. Ex. 22:31. De. 14:21. Eze. 4:14; 44:31.
25 shall be cut off. ver. 21.
26 ye shall eat. The prohibition of the fat or suet, which was restricted to animals offered in sacrifice, taught reverence to the altar and ordinances of God; but that of blood, which was extended to all land animals, had especial respect to the atoning blood of the sacrifice, and of the great antitype which the sacrifice prefigured. ch. 3:17; 17:10–14. Ge. 9:4. 1 Sa. 14:33, 34. Eze. 33:25. Jno. 6:53. Ac. 15:20, 29. Ep. 1:7. 1 Ti. 4:4.
27 that soul. ver. 20, 21, 25. He. 10:29. shall be. Shall be excommunicated or cut off from the people of God, and so deprived of any part of their inheritance or of their blessings.
29 ch. 3. Col. 1:20. 1 Jno. 1:7.
30 own hands. ch. 3:3, 4, 9, 14. Ps. 110:3. Jno. 10:18. 2 Co. 8:12. with the breast. ch. 8:27; 9:21. See on Ex. 29:24–28. Nu. 6:20.
31 the priest. ch. 3:5, 11, 16. the breast. ver. 34; ch. 5:13; 6:16, 26; 8:29. Nu. 18:18.
32 ver. 34; ch. 8:25, 26; 9:21; 10:14. Nu. 6:20; 18:18, 19. De. 18:3. 1 Co. 9:13, 14.
33 that offereth. ver. 3, ch. 6:26.
34 the wave. See on ver. 30–32; ch. 10:14, 15. Ex. 29:28. Nu. 18:18, 19. De. 18:3. by a statute. See on ch. 3:17. Ex. 29:9.
35 portion. ch. 8:10–12, 30. Ex. 29:7, 21; 40:13–15. Is. 10:27; 61:1. Jno. 3:34. 2 Co. 1:21. 1 Jno. 2:20, 27. he presented. Ex. 28:1; 29:1. Nu. 18:7–19.
36 in the day. ch. 8:12, 30. Ex. 40:13, 15.
37 the law. ch. 1; 6:9–13. Ex. 29:38–42. meat. ch. 2; 6:14–18. sin. ch. 4; 6:24–30. trespass. ver. 1–7; ch. 5; 6:1–7. consecrations. ch. 6:20–23. Ex. 29:1. sacrifice. ver. 11–21; ch. 3.
38 commanded. See on ch. 1:1, 2.


  CHAP. 8

  Moses consecrates Aaron and his sons, 1–13. Their sin offering, 14–17. Their burnt offering, 18–21. The ram of consecration, 22–30. The place and time of their consecration, 31–36.

2 Aaron. Ex. 29:1–4. garments. Ex. 28:2–4, 40–43; 39:1–31, 41. anointing. Ex. 30:23–37; 40:12–15. bullock. Ex. 29:1, 2. He. 7:27.
3 Nu. 20:8; 21:16. 1 Ch. 13:5; 15:3; 2 Ch. 5:2, 6; 30:2, 13, 25. Ne. 8:1. Ps. 22:25. Ac. 2:1.
4 ver. 9, 13, 17, 29, 35. Ex. 39:1, 5, 7, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32, 42, 43. De. 12:32. Mat. 28:20. 1 Co. 11:23; 15:3.
5 Lord commanded to be done. Ex. 29:4, etc.
6 washed. Ex. 29:4; 40:12. Ps. 51:2, 7. Is. 1:16. Eze. 36:25. Zec. 13:1. Jno. 13:8–10. 1 Co. 6:11. Ep. 5:26. He. 9:10; 10:22. Re. 1:5, 6; 7:14.
7 he put. See on Ex. 28:4; 29:5; 39:1, etc. Is. 61:3, 10. Ro. 3:22; 13:14. Ga. 3:27. the ephod. The ephod seems to have been a garment worn by persons of distinction of various characters (2 Sa. 6:4); the description of which in the book of Exodus (ch. 28:6, etc.) relates only to its materials. As to its shape, the LXX. calls it επωμις, which signifies that it was worn on the shoulders. So also JOSEPHUS, who says it was a cubit long. St. JEROME compares it with the Roman caracalla, which was a sort of short cloak, only that it had a head or hood, which the ephod had not.
8 the breast-plate. Ex. 28:15–29; 39:8–21. Ca. 8:6. Is. 59:17. Ep. 6:14. 1 Th. 5:8. the Urim. Ex. 28:30. Ezr. 2:63.
9 Ex. 28:4, 36–38; 29:6; 39:28–30. Zec. 3:5; 6:11–14. Phi. 2:9–11.
10 Ex. 30:23–29; 40:9–11.
11 ch. 4:6, 17; 16:14, 19. Is. 52:15. Eze. 36:25. Tit. 3:6.
12 ch. 4:3; 21:10, 11, 12. Ex. 28:41; 29:7; 30:30. Ps. 133:2.
13 Moses. Ex. 28:40, 41; 29:8, 9; 40:14, 15. Ps. 132:9. Is. 61:6, 10. 1 Pe. 2:5, 9. Re. 1:6; 5:10. coats. The kethoneth, or coat, was made of linen; but the form of it is no where described in Scripture, except in the visionary appearance of Christ to St. John, in the form and habit of a priest (Re. 1:13); where he is said to be ενδεδυμενος ποδηρη, ‘clothed with a garment down to the feet,’ which perfectly agrees with the description the Jewish writers give of it; who also say, that it had sleeves which came down to the wrist, and was tied about the neck; so that it was not unlike a long shirt. It was common to all the priests; but the tunic of the high priest was made of finer linen, or wove in a more curious manner. (Ex. 28:4.) put. Heb. bound. bonnets. The migbaôth, or bonnets, are described by JOSEPHUS as being like helmets of linen, one wreath being plaited and folded over another; and a thin cap, suited to its shape, put over all, to prevent its unfolding.
14 he brought. ver. 2; ch. 4:3–12; 16:6. Ex. 29:10–14. Is. 53:10. Eze. 43:19. Ro. 8:3. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 7:26–28. 1 Pe. 3:18. laid. ch. 1:4; 4:4; 16:21.
15 he slew it. ch. 1:5, 11; 3:2, 8. Ex. 29:10, 11. Moses. ch. 4:7, 17, 18, 30. Ex. 29:12, 36, 37. Eze. 43:19–27. He. 9:18–23. to make. ch. 6:30; 16:20. 2 Ch. 29:24. Eze. 45:20. Da. 9:24. Ro. 5:10. 2 Co. 5:18–21. Ep. 2:16. Col. 1:21, 22. He. 2:17. The beginning of this verse may be rendered, ‘And Moses slew it, and took the blood,’ etc. We find it expressly said in Exodus, that Moses slew the sacrifices. Ex. 29:11. Yet, in general, the offerer seems to have killed his own sacrifice.
16 ch. 3:3–5; 4:8, 9. Ex. 29:13.
17 ch. 4:11, 12, 21; 6:30; 16:27. Ex. 29:14. Ga. 3:13. He. 13:11–13.
18 See on ch. 1:4–13. Ex. 29:15–18.
21 a sweet savour. ch. 1:17; 2:9. Ge. 8:21. Ex. 29:18. Ep. 5:2.
22 the ram of consecration. ver. 2, 29; ch. 7:37. Ex. 29:19–31. Jno. 17:19. 1 Co. 1:30. 2 Co. 5:21. Ep. 5:25, 27. Re. 1:5, 6. ‘The ram of consecration’ was evidently a sacrifice of peace offering, though presented on a particular occasion. Part of the blood was applied, not as that of the sin offering, to the horns of the altar, but to Aaron and his sons; to the tips of their right ears, the thumbs of their right hands, and the great toes of their right feet: implying their obligation to hearken diligently to the word of God—to do his work in the best manner which they could, and to walk in his ways with steady perseverance; and also, that they could not do these things acceptably except through the atoning blood, received and applied by faith. Then part of the blood reserved upon the altar, probably in a basin for that purpose, was mingled with the holy anointing oil, and sprinkled on the garments both of Aaron and his sons, to hallow them to the Lord. ‘This may be looked upon as a lively representation of our purification by the blood of Jesus Christ, through his Holy Spirit.’—Bp. PATRICK.
23 Moses took. ch. 14:14, 17, 28. Ex. 29:20. Ro. 6:13, 19; 12:1. 1 Co. 1:2, 30; 6:20. 1 Th. 5:22. Phi. 1:20; 2:17. He. 2:10; 5:8.
24 Moses sprinkled. He. 9:22.
25 See on ch. 3:3–5, 9. Ex. 29:22–25. Pr. 23:26. Is. 53:10.
26 Ex. 29:23. Jno. 1:14. Ac. 5:12. 1 Ti. 2:5.
27 upon Aaron’s. Ex. 29:24, etc. Je. 30:21. He. 9:14. and waved. See on ch. 7:30, 31.
28 Moses. Ex. 29:25. Ps. 22:13, 14. Zec. 13:7. He. 10:14–22. they were. See on ver. 22.
29 ch. 7:30–34. Ex. 29:26, 27. Is. 66:20. 1 Co. 10:31. 1 Pe. 4:11.
30 the anointing. See on Ex. 29:21; 30:30. Is. 61:1, 3. Ga. 5:22–25. He. 2:11. 1 Pe. 1:2. 1 Jno. 2:27. Re. 7:14. and sanctified, ch. 10:3. Nu. 3:3.
31 Boil. ch. 6:28; 7:15. Ex. 29:31, 32. De. 12:6, 7. 1 Sa. 2:13–17. Eze. 46:20–24. eat it. ch. 10:17. Jno. 6:33, 35, 51, 53–56. Ga. 2:20.
32 ch. 7:17. Ex. 12:10; 29:34. Pr. 27:1. Ec. 9:10. 2 Co. 6:2. He. 3:13, 14.
33 seven days. ch. 14:8. Ex. 29:30, 35. Nu. 19:12. Eze. 43:25–27.
34 He. 7:16, 27; 10:11, 12.
35 the tabernacle. ch. 14:8. Ex. 29:35. Nu. 19:12. Eze. 43:25. 2 Co. 7:1. Col. 2:9, 10. He. 7:28; 9:23, 24. keep. ch. 8:30; 10:1. Nu. 3:7; 9:19. De. 11:1. 1 Ki. 2:3. 1 Ti. 1:3, 4, 18; 5:21; 6:13. 17, 20. 2 Ti. 4:1.
36 Aaron. This was necessary to be added, to show the exact fulfilment of the commands delivered to Moses, and which are recorded in Exodus, ch. 29; and consequently the complete consecration and preparation of Aaron and his sons to fill the awfully important office of priests and mediators between God and the children of Israel, to offer sacrifices, and make atonement for the sins of the people. Ex. 39:43; 40:16. De. 4:2; 12:32. 1 Sa. 15:22.


  CHAP. 9

  The first offerings of Aaron, for himself and the people, 1–7. The sin offering, 8–11, and the burnt offering for himself, 12–14. The offerings for the people, 16–22. Moses and Aaron bless the people, 23. Fire comes from the Lord, upon the altar, 24.

1 the eighth day. Not on the eighth day of the month, but on the first day after their consecration, which occupied seven days, and before which they were deemed unfit to minister in holy things, being considered in a state of imperfection. All creatures, for the most part, were considered as in a state of uncleanness and imperfection, seven days, and perfected on the eighth: (see ch. 12:2, 3; 14:8–10; 15:13, 14; 22:27. Nu. 6:9, 10.) ch. 8:33; 14:10, 23; 15:14, 29. Nu. 6:10. Eze. 43:26, 27. Mat. 28:1.
2 a young. ver. 7, 8. ch. 4:3; 8:14. Ex. 29:1. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 5:3; 7:27; 10:10–14. and a ram. ch. 8:18.
3 Take ye. ch. 4:23; 16:5, 15. Ezr. 6:17; 10:19. Is. 53:10. Ro. 8:3. 2 Co. 5:21. Tit. 2:14. He. 9:26–28. 1 Pe. 2:24; 3:18. Re. 5:9. a kid. As the offering here is a kid, which was the sacrifice for the sin of the ruler, some think that the reading of the Samaritan and LXX. is to be preferred: ‘Speak unto the ELDERS of Israel.’ a calf. See on ver. 2. both. ch. 12:6; 14:10; 23:12. Ex. 12:5.
4 a bullock. See on ch. 3. and a meat. ch. 2; 6:14–23. Nu. 15:3–9. to-day, ver. 6, 23. Ex. 16:10; 19:11; 24:16; 29:43; 40:34, 35. Nu. 14:10; 16:19. 1 Ki. 8:10–12. Eze. 43:2.
5 and all the congregation. Ex. 19:17. De. 31:12. 1 Ch. 15:3. 2 Ch. 5:2, 3. Ne. 8:1.
6 and the glory. ver. 23. Ex. 16:10; 24:16; 40:34, 35. 1 Ki. 8:10–12. 2 Ch. 5:13, 14. Eze. 43:2.
7 offer thy. ver. 2; ch. 4:3, 20; 8:34. 1 Sa. 3:14. He. 5:3; 7:27, 28; 9:7. offer the. ch. 4, 16–20. He. 5:1.
8 ch. 1:4, 5; 4:4, 29.
9 ch. 4:6, 7, 17, 18, 25, 30; 8:15; 16:18. He. 2:10; 9:22, 23; 10:4–19.
10 the fat. See on ch. 3:3–5, 9–11; 4:8–12, 34, 35; 8:16, 17. Ps. 51:17. Pr. 23:26. Is. 53:10; 57:15; 66:2. as the Lord. ch. 4:8.
11 ch. 4:11, 12, 21; 8:17; 16:27, 28. He. 13:11, 12.
12 See on ch. 1; 8:18–21. Ep. 5:2, 25–27.
14 ch. 8:21.
15 ver. 3; ch. 4:27–31; 9:15. Nu. ch. 28; 29. Is. 53:10. 2 Co. 5:21. Tit. 2:14. He. 2:17; 5:3.
16 manner, or, ordinance. ver. 12–14; ch. 1:3–10; 8:18–21. He. 10:1–22.
17 the meat. ver. 1; ch. 2:1, 2. Ex. 29:38, 41. Jno. 6:53. Ga. 2:20. took an handful thereof. Heb. filled his hand out of it. beside. Ex. 29:38–42.
18 a sacrifice. ch. 3; 7:11–18. Ro. 5:1, 10. Ep. 2:14–17. Col. 1:20.
19 ver. 10; ch. 3:5, 16.
20 they put. ch. 7:29–34. burnt. ch. 3:14–17.
21 the breasts. ch. 7:24, 26, 30–34. Ex. 29:27, 28. Is. 49:3. Lu. 2:14. 1 Pe. 4:11. as Moses commanded. The Samaritan text, and thirty MSS. have, kaasher tzivvah yehowah eth Moshe, ‘as Jehovah commanded Moses;’ which is also the reading of the LXX., Arabic, and Targum of ONKELOS, and seems to be the true reading, being supported, not only by these authorities, but by the whole chapter itself.
22 his hand. or, as the Greek has it, ‘his bands.’ MENACHEM gives the reason why it is written hand, to signify the right hand, because that was lifted up higher than the left. The lifting up of the hand was a gesture used in speaking, and signifying any weighty thing, Is. 49:22; and particularly in swearing, Ge. 14:22; praying, Ps. 28:2; and blessing, either of God, Ps. 134:2, or of men, as in this place. PAUL, speaking of prayer, uses the phrase, ‘lifting up holy hands;’ as also David: ‘Let the lifting up of my hands be as the evening sacrifice.’ Ge. 14:18–20. Nu. 6:23–27. De. 10:8; 21:5. 1 Ki. 8:55. 1 Ch. 23:13. 2 Ch. 6:3. Ps. 72:17. Mar. 10:16. Lu. 24:50. Ac. 3:26. 2 Co. 13:14. He. 7:6, 7. 1 Pe. 3:9.
23 came out. Lu. 1:21, 22. He. 9:24–28. the glory. ver. 6. Nu. 14:10; 16:19, 42.
24 there came a fire. These victims were consumed by a fire of no human kindling. JOSEPHUS says that ‘a fire proceeded from the victims themselves, of its own accord, which had the appearance of a flash of lightning, and consumed all that was upon the altar.’ ch. 6:13. Ge. 4:3, 4; 15:17. Ex. 3:2. Ju. 6:21; 13:19, 20, 23. 1 Ki. 18:38. 2 Ki. 19:15. 1 Ch. 21:26. 2 Ch. 6:2; 7:1–3. Ps. 20:3, 4; 80:1, marg. they shouted. Ge. 17:3. Nu. 14:5; 16:22. 1 Ki. 18:39. 2 Ch. 7:3. Ezr. 3:11. Mat. 26:39. Re. 4:9; 5:8; 7:11.


  CHAP. 10

  Nadab and Abihu, for offering strange fire, are burnt by fire, 1–5. Aaron and his sons are forbidden to mourn for them, 6, 7. The priests are forbidden wine when they are to go into the tabernacle, 8–11. The law of eating the holy things, 12–15. Aaron’s excuse for transgressing thereof, 16–20.

1 Nadab. ch. 16:1; 22:9. Ex. 6:23; 24:1, 9; 28:1. Nu. 3:3, 4; 26:61. censer. ch. 16:12. Ex. 27:3; 38:3. Nu. 16:6, 7, 16, 17, 46. He. 9:4. put incense. Ex. 30:1–9, 34–36; 31:11; 37:29; 40:27; 1 Ki. 13:1, 2. 2 Ch. 26:16–20. Ps. 141:2. Je. 44:8, 15, 19–21. Lu. 1:9–11. Re. 8:3–5. strange. ch. 9:24; 16:12. Nu. 16:18, 46. which. Ex. 30:9. De. 4:2; 12:32; 17:3. Je. 7:31; 19:5; 32:35. Bp. HALL says, ‘It is a dangerous thing, in the service of God, to decline from his own institutions; we have to do with a God, who is wise to prescribe his own worship—just to require what he has prescribed—and powerful to avenge what he has no prescribed.’
2 fire. ch. 9:24; 16:1. Nu. 3:3, 4; 16:35; 26:61. 2 Sa. 6:7. 2 Ki. 1:10, 12. 1 Ch. 24:2. they died. Nu. 3:3, 4; 16:32, 33, 49; 26:61. 1 Sa. 6:19. 1 Ch. 13:10; 15:13. Ac. 5:5, 10. 1 Co. 10:11. This fire, which destroyed the sacrificers, came from the same source with that which had consumed the sacrifices. See ch. 9:24. Note. They died.—The wages of sin is death.—They died suddenly—they died before the Lord; that is, before the vail that covered the mercy-seat.—They died by fire, as by fire they sinned. The fire did not burn them to ashes, as it had done the sacrifices, nor so much as singe their coats, (ver. 5) but struck them dead in an instant. By these different effects of the same fire, we learn that it was no common fire, but kindled by the breath of the Almighty. Is. 30:33.
3 I will be. ch. 8:35; 21:6, 8, 15, 17, 21; 22:9; Ex. 14:4; 19:22; 29:43, 44. Nu. 20:12. De. 32:51. 1 Sa. 6:20. 1 Ch. 15:12, 13. Ps. 89:7; 119:120. Is. 52:11. Eze. 20:41; 42:13. He. 12:28, 29. before. 1 Sa. 2:30. Is. 49:3. Eze. 28:22. Jno. 12:28; 13:31, 32; 14:13. Ac. 5:11–13. 2 Th. 1:10. 1 Pe. 4:17. Aaron. Ge. 18:25. 1 Sa. 3:18. Job 1:20, 21; 2:10. Ps. 39:9; 46:10. Is. 39:8. Mat. 10:37.
4 Uzziel. Ex. 6:18, 22. Nu. 3:19, 30. 1 Ch. 6:2. carry. Lu. 7:12. Ac. 5:6, 9, 10; 8:2.
6 Uncover. ch. 13:45; 21:1–15. Ex. 33:5. Nu. 5:18; 6:6, 7; 14:6. De. 33:9. Je. 7:29. Eze. 24:16, 17. Mi. 1:16. lest wrath. Nu. 16:22, 41–47. Jos. 7:1, 11; 22:18, 20. 2 Sa. 24:1, 15–17.
7 ye shall. ch. 21:12. Mat. 8:21, 22. Lu. 9:60. the anointing. ch. 8:12, 30. Ex. 28:41; 30:30; 40:13–15. Ac. 10:38. 2 Co. 1:21.
9 Do not. Nu. 6:3, 20. Pr. 31:4, 5. Is. 28:7. Je. 35:5, 6. Eze. 44:21. Lu. 1:15. Ep. 5:18. 1 Ti. 3:3, 8; 5:23. Tit. 1:7. strong drink. The Hebrew shecher, Arabic sakar, or sukr, Greek σικερα, from shachar, to inebriate, signifies any kind of fermented and inebriating liquor beside wine. So St. JEROME informs us, that sicera in Hebrew denotes any inebriating liquor, whether made of corn, the juice of apples, honey, dates, or any other fruit. These different kinds of liquors are described by PLINY, who calls them vina factitia. One of the four prohibited drinks among the Mohammedans in India is called sakar, which denotes inebriating liquor in general, but especially date wine. it shall be. See on ch. 3:17.
10 ch. 11:47; 20:25, 26. Je. 15:19. Eze. 22:26; 44:23. Tit. 1:15. 1 Pe. 1:14–16.
11 De. 24:8; 33:10. 2 Ch. 17:9; 30:22. Ne. 8:2, 8; 9:13, 14. Je. 2:8; 18:18. Mal. 2:7. Mat. 28:20. Ac. 20:27. 1 Th. 4:2.
12 Take. ch. 2; 6:15–18; 7:9; 21:22. Ex. 29:2. Nu. 18:9, 10. Eze. 44:29. for it is most. ch. 21:22.
13 ye shall. Nu. 18:10. for so I. ch. 2:3; 6:16.
14 ch. 7:29–34; 9:21. Ex. 29:24–28. Nu. 18:11. Jno. 4:34.
15 heave shoulder. ch. 7:29, 30, 34. for ever. ch. 7:34. Ge. 13:15; 17:8, 13, 17. 1 Co. 9:13, 14.
16 the goat. ch. 6:26, 30; 9:3, 15. angry. Ex. 32:19–22. Nu. 12:3. Mat. 5:22. Mar. 3:5; 10:14. Ep. 4:26.
17 Wherefore. ch. 6:26, 29; 7:6, 7. to bear. ch. 16:22; 22:16. Ex. 28:38, 43. Nu. 18:1. Is. 53:6–11. Eze. 4:4–6; 18:19, 20. Jno. 1:29. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 9:28. 1 Pe. 2:24.
18 the blood. ch. 6:30. as I commanded. ch. 6:26, 30.
19 this day. ch. 9:8, 12. He. 7:27; 9:8. should. De. 12:7; 26:14. 1 Sa. 1:7, 8. Is. 1:11, 15. Je. 6:20; 14:12. Ho. 9:4. Mal. 1:10, 13; 2:13. Phi. 4:4.
20 he was content. 2 Ch. 30:18–20. Mat. 12:3–7, 20. Zec. 7:8, 9.


  CHAP. 11

  What beasts may, 1–3; and what may not be eaten, 4–8. What fishes, 9–12. What fowls, 13–23. The creeping things which are unclean, 29–47.

2 De. 14:3–8. Eze. 4:14. Da. 1:8. Mat. 15:11. Mar. 7:15–19. Ac. 10:12, 14. Ro. 14:2, 3, 14, 15. 1 Ti. 4:4–6. He. 9:10; 13:9.
Of the laws relative to clean and unclean beasts, which are recorded in this chapter and Deut. ch. 14 the following may be found a useful abstract. 1. In regard to quadrupeds, all beasts that have their feet completely cloven, above as well as below, and at the same time chew the cud, are clean. Those which have neither, or indeed want one of these distinguishing marks, are unclean. This is a systematic division of quadrupeds so excellent, as never yet, after all the improvements in natural history, to have become obsolete, but, on the contrary, to be still considered as useful by the greatest masters of the science. 2. With regard to fishes, Moses has in like manner, made a very simple systematic distinction. All that have scales and fins are clean; all others unclean. 3. Of birds, he merely specifies certain sorts as forbidden, thereby permitting all others to be eaten. 4. Insects, serpents, worms, etc., are prohibited; but with regard, however to those winged insects, which besides four walking legs, have also two longer springing legs, (Pedes saltatorii,) Moses makes an exception, and under the denomination of locusts, declares them clean in all their four stages of existence. In Palestine, Arabia, and the adjoining countries, locusts are one of the most common articles of food, and the people would be very ill off if they durst not eat them: For, when a swarm of them desolates the fields, they prove in some measure themselves an antidote to the famine which they occasion. They are not only eaten fresh, immediately on their appearance, but the people collect them, and know a method of preserving them for a long time for food, after they have dried them in an oven.—Niebuhr’s Description of Arabia, 170–175.
3 parteth. Ps. 1:1. Pr. 9:6. 2 Co. 6:17. cheweth. De. 6:6, 7; 16:3, etc. Ps. 1:2. Pr. 2:1, 2, 10. Ac. 17:11. 1 Ti. 4:15.
5 the coney. Shaphan, most probably an animal resembling the rabbit, called by Dr. SHAW, daman (probably for ganam) Israel, ‘Israel’s lamb,’ and by BRUCE, ashkoko, which name he imagines is ‘derived from the singularity of these long herenacious hairs, which, like small thorns, grow about his back, and which in Amhara are called ashok.’ This curious animal abounds in Judea, Palestine, Arabia, and Ethiopia; and is described as being about seventeen inches when sitting. It has no tail; and at first sight gives the idea of a rat. Its colour is grey, mixed with reddish brown; the belly white; the body covered with strong polished hairs, for the most part about two inches in length; the ears round, and not pointed; the feet round, of a soft, pulpy, tender substance; the toes projecting beyond the nails, which are rather broad than sharp; the upper jaw is longer than the other; it lives upon grain, fruit, and roots, and certainly chews the cud; and it does not burrow like the hare and rabbit, but lives in clefts of the rocks. Ps. 104:18. Pr. 30:26. but divideth. Job 36:14. Mat. 7:26. Ro. 2:18–24. Phi. 3:18, 19. 2 Ti. 3:5. Tit. 1:16.
6 the hare. De. 14:7.
7 swine. De. 14:8. Is. 65:4; 66:3, 17. Mat. 7:6. Lu. 8:33; 15:15. 2 Pe. 2:18–22.
8 they are unclean. ch. 5:2. Is. 52:11. Ho. 9:3. Mat. 15:11, 20. Mar. 7:2, 15, 18. Ac. 10:10–15, 28; 15:29. Ro. 14:14–17, 21. 1 Cor. 8:8. 2 Cor. 6:17. Ep. 5:7, 11. Col. 2:16, 21–23. He. 9:10.
9 De. 14:9, 10. Ac. 20:21. Ga. 5:6. Ja. 2:18. 1 Jno. 5:2–5.
10 they shall be. ch. 7:18. De. 14:3. Ps. 139:21, 22. Pr. 13:20; 29:27. Re. 21:8.
13 the eagle. In Hebrew, nesher, Chaldee, neshar, Syriac, neshro, and Arabic, nishr, the eagle, one of the largest, strongest, swiftest, fiercest, and most rapacious of the feathered race. His eye is large, dark, and piercing; his beak powerful and hooked; his legs strong and feathered; his feet yellow and armed with four very long and terrific claws; his wings very large and powerful; his body compact and robust; his bones hard; his flesh firm; his feathers coarse; his attitude fierce and erect; his motions lively; his flight extremely rapid and towering; and his cry the terror of every wing. De. 14:12–20. Job 28:7; 38:41; 39:27–30. Je. 4:13, 22; 48:40. La. 4:19. Ho. 8:1. Hab. 1:8. Mat. 24:28. Ro. 1:28–32; 3:13–17. Tit. 3:3. the ossifrage. Peres, from paras to break, probably the species of eagle anciently called ossifraga, or bone-breaker, (from os, a bone, and frango, to break,) because it not only strips off the flesh, but breaks the bone, in order to extract the marrow. the ospray. Hebrew ózniyah, Arabic azan, and Chaldee, azyah, (from azaz, to be strong,) a species of eagle, probably the black eagle, so remarkable for its strength.
15 Ge. 8:7. 1 Ki. 17:4, 6. Pr. 30:17. Lu. 12:24.
16 De. 14:15–18. Ps. 102:6. Is. 13:21, 22; 34:11, 15. Jno. 3:19–21. Ep. 2:2, 3; 4:18, 19; 5:7–11. Phi. 3:18, 19. 1 Th. 5:5–7. Re. 18:2.
20 ver. 23, 27. De. 14:19. 2 Ki. 17:28–41. Ps. 17:14. Mat. 6:24. Phi. 3:18, 19. 2 Ti. 4:10. 1 Jno. 2:15–17. Jude 10, 19.
22 Ex. 10:4, 5. Is. 35:3. Mat. 3:4. Mar. 1:6. Ro. 14:1; 15:1. He. 5:11; 12:12, 13.
24 ver. 8, 27, 28, 31, 38–40; ch. 17:15, 16. Is. 22:14. 1 Co. 15:33. 2 Co. 6:17. Ep. 2:1–3; 5:11. Col. 2:16, 17, 20. He. 9:26, 1 Jno. 1:7.
25 wash his clothes, and be unclean, ver. 28, 40; ch. 14:8; 15:5, 7–11, 13; 16:28. Ex. 19:10, 14. Nu. 19:8, 10, 19, 21, 22; 31:24. Ps. 51:2, 7. Zec. 13:1. Jno. 13:8. Ac. 22:16. He. 9:10; 10:22. 1 Pe. 3:21. 1 Jno. 1:7. Re. 7:14.
27 See ver. 20, 23.
28 beareth. ver. 24, 25. shall wash. ver. 14.
29 creeping things that creep. ver. 20, 21, 41, 42. Ps. 10:3; 17:13, 14. Ha. 2:6. Lu. 12:15; 16:14. Jno. 6:26, 66. Ep. 4:14. Phi. 3:19. Col. 3:5. 2 Ti. 3:2–5. He. 13:5.
31 ver. 8, 24, 25.
32 it must be put into water. ch. 6:28; 15:12. Tit. 2:14; 3:5.
33 ye shall break it. ver. 35; ch. 14:45. Je. 48:38. 2 Co. 5:1–8. Phi. 3:21.
34 Pr. 15:8; 21:4, 27; 28:8. Tit. 1:15.
35 they shall be. ver. 33; ch. 6:28; 15:12. 2 Co. 5:1–7.
36 a fountain. Zec. 13:1. Jno. 4:14. wherein there is plenty of water. Heb. a gathering together of waters.
37 sowing seed. 1 Co. 15:37. 1 Pe. 1:23. 1 Jno. 3:9; 5:18.
39 ver. 24, 28, 31, 40; ch. 15:5, 7. Nu. 19:11, 16.
40 eateth. See on ver. 25; ch. 17:15, 16; 22:8. Ex. 22:31. De. 14:21. Is. 1:16. Eze. 4:14; 36:25; 44:31. Zec. 13:1. 1 Co. 6:11; 10:21. Jno. 1:7. shall wash. ver. 28; ch. 14:8, 9; 15:5–10, 27; 16:26, 28. Nu. 19:7, 8, 19.
41 See ver. 20, 23, 29.
42 goeth upon the belly. Ge. 3:14, 15. Is. 65:25. Mi. 7:17. Mat. 3:7; 23:23. Jno. 8:44. 2 Co. 11:3, 13. Tit. 1:12. hath more feet. Heb. doth multiply feet.
43 Ye shall. ver. 41, 42; ch. 20:25. yourselves. Heb. your souls.
44 I am the. See on Ex. 20:2. ye shall. ch. 10:3; 19:2; 20:7, 26. Ex. 19:6. De. 14:2. 1 Sa. 6:20. Ps. 99:5, 9. Is. 6:3–5. Am. 3:3. Mat. 5:48. 1 Th. 4:7. 1 Pe. 1:15, 16; 2:9. Re. 22:11.
45 that bringeth. Ex. 6:7. Ps. 105:43–45. be holy. See on ver. 44. Ex. 6:7; 20:2. Ps. 105:43–45. Ho. 11:1. 1 Th. 4:7.
46 This. The distinction of clean and unclean animals (see p. 75 of this work) existed even before the flood, though it probably then only related to sacrifices; but at this time we find there were very particular laws enacted respecting the diet of the people, and the ceremonial uncleanness contracted by touching the carcases of unclean animals. The reasons for the enactment of these laws seem to be—1. As a test of obedience, and to teach the Israelites habits of self-denial, and the government of their appetites. 2. To keep them distinct from other nations, and consequently from their idolatrous usages, by throwing hindrances in the way of their social intercourse; for these distinctions were applicable both to persons and things. The Canaanites not only ate the animals prohibited by Moses, which we usually eat, but others also, among which dogs were one. Besides, many of those declared unclean were sacred among the heathen, and sacrificed to their gods. 3. Because those prohibited were innutritive and unwholesome; as the swine, the flesh of which being strong and difficult to digest, affords a very gross aliment, and produces, especially in hot climates, cutaneous, scrophulous, and scorbutic disorders, as the itch, leprosy, etc. ch. 7:37; 14:54; 15:32. Eze. 43:12.
47 ch. 10:10. Eze. 44:23. Mal. 3:18. Ro. 14:2, 3, 13–23.


  CHAP. 12

  The purification of a woman after childbirth, 1–5. Her offerings for her purifying, 6–8.

2 If a woman. Ge. 1:28; 3:16. Job 14:4; 15:14; 25:4. Ps. 51:5. Lu. 2:22. Ro. 5:12–19. according. ch. 15:19.
3 Ge. 17:11, 12. De. 30:6. Lu. 1:59; 2:21. Jno. 7:22, 23. Ro. 3:19; 4:11, 12. Ga. 3:17; 5:3. Phi. 3:5. Col. 2:11.
4 ch. 15:25–28. Hag. 2:13. Lu. 2:22, 23.
5 ver. 2, 4. Ge. 3:13. 1 Ti. 2:14, 15.
6 a lamb. ch. 1:10–13; 5:6–10; 14:22; 15:14, 29. Nu. 6:10. Lu. 2:22. Jno. 1:29. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 7:26. 1 Pe. 1:18, 19. of the first year. Heb. a son of his year.
7 make. See on ch. 1:4; 4:20, 26, 31, 35. Job 1:5; 14:4. Ro. 3:23, 26. 1 Co. 7:14. He. 9:12–14. be cleansed. ch. 15:28–30. a male. Ga. 3:28.
8 she be not able to bring a lamb. Heb. her hand find not sufficiency of a lamb. ch. 1:14; 5:7; 14:22; 15:14, 29. Lu. 2:22, 24. 2 Co. 8:9. Col. 3:9. make an atonement. ch. 4:26. When burnt offerings and sin offerings were brought together the sin offerings were first offered.


  CHAP. 13

  The laws and tokens whereby the priest is to be guided in discerning the leprosy.

2 rising. or, swelling. a scab. ch. 14:56. De. 28:27. Is. 3:17. the plague of leprosy. Tzaräâth, the LEPROSY, from the Greek λεπρα, from λεπις, a scale; so called, because in this disease the body is covered with thin white scales, so as to give it the appearance of snow. The leprosy is a dreadful, contagious disorder, common in Egypt and Syria, and generally manifests itself at first in the manner described in the text. Its commencement is imperceptible; there appearing only a few reddish spots on the skin, which are not attended with pain or any other symptom, but cannot be removed. It increases imperceptibly, and continues for some years to be more and more manifest. The spots become larger, spread over the whole skin, and are sometimes rather raised, though generally flat. When it increases the upper part of the nose swells, the nostrils distend, the nose becomes soft, swellings appear on the under jaws, the eyebrows are elevated, the ears grow thick, the ends of the fingers, feet, and toes, swell, the nails grow scaly, the joints of the hands and feet separate, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet are ulcerated, and in its last stage the patient becomes horrible, and falls to pieces. ch. 14:3, 35. Ex. 4:6, 7. Nu. 12:10, 12. 2 Sa. 3:29. 2 Ki. 5:1, 27. 2 Ch. 26:19–21. Is. 1:6. he shall. De. 17:8, 9; 24:8. Mal. 2:7. Mat. 8:4. Mar. 1:44. Lu. 5:14; 17:14.
3 shall look. ver. 2; ch. 10:10. Eze. 44:23. Hag. 2:11. Mal. 2:7. Ac. 20:28. Ro. 3:19, 20; 7:7. He. 13:7. Re. 2:23. turned. Eze. 16:30. Ho. 7:9. deeper. Ge. 13:3. 2 Ti. 2:16, 17; 3:13. pronounce. Mat. 16:19; 18:17, 18. Jno. 20:23. Ro. 3:19, 20. 1 Co. 5:4–6. 2 Th. 3:14, 15. 1 Ti. 1:20.
4 shut up. Nu. 12:15. De. 13:14. Eze. 44:10. 1 Co. 4:5. 1 Ti. 5:24.
6 pronounce. Is. 11:3, 4; 42:3. Ro. 14:1. Jude. 22, 23. a scab. ver. 2. De. 32:5. Ja. 3:2. wash. ch. 11:25, 28, 40; 14:8. 1 Ki. 8:38, 45. Ps. 19:12. Pr. 20:9. Ec. 7:20. Jno. 13:8–10. 2 Co. 7:1. He. 9:10; 10:22. 1 Jno. 1:7–9.
7 ver. 27, 35, 36. Ps. 38:3. Is. 1:5, 6. Ro. 6:12–14. 2 Ti. 2:16, 17.
8 See on ver. 3. Mat. 15:7, 8. Ac. 8:21. Phi. 3:18, 19. 2 Pe. 2:19.
10 shall see him. ver. 3, 4. Nu. 12:10–12. 2 Ki. 5:27. 2 Ch. 26:19, 20. quick raw flesh. Heb. the quickening of living flesh. ver. 14, 15, 24. Pr. 12:1. Am. 5:10. Jno. 3:19, 20; 7:7.
12 cover all. 1 Ki. 8:38. Job 40:4; 42:6. Is. 64:6. Jno. 16:8, 9. Ro. 7:14. Jno. 1:8–10.
13 if the leprosy. It may seem strange that the partial leper should be pronounced unclean, and the person totally covered ‘with the disease clean. This was probably owing to a different species or stage of the disease; the partial being contagious, the total not. That there are two different species, or degrees, of the disease described here, is sufficiently evident: in one, the person was all covered with a white enamelled scurf; in the other, there was a quick raw flesh in the risings. On this account, the one was deemed unclean, or contagious, the other not; for contact with the quick raw flesh would be more likely to communicate the disease, than the touch of the hard dry scurf. The ichor proceeding from the former, when brought into contact with the flesh of another, would soon be taken into constitution by means of the absorbent vessels; but where the surface was perfectly dry; the absorbent vessels of another, coming in contact with the diseased man, could imbibe nothing, and there was consequently but little or no danger of infection. This is the learned DR. MEAD’S view of the subject; who thus accounts for the circumstances mentioned in the text. he is clean. Is. 64:6. Jno. 9:41.
14 ver. 10.
16 Ro. 7:14–24. Ga. 1:14–16. Phi. 3:6–8. 1 Ti. 1:13–15.
18 a boil. Ex. 9:9; 15:26. 2 Ki. 20:7. Job 2:7. Ps. 38:3–7. Is. 38:21.
20 in sight. See on ver. 3. Mat. 12:45. Jno. 5:14. 2 Pe. 2:20.
21 shut him. 1 Co. 5:5.
22 a plague, i.e. ‘The plague of the leprosy.’
23 Ge. 38:26. 2 Sa. 12:13. 2 Ch. 19:2, 3. Job 34:31, 32; 40:4, 5. Pr. 28:13. Mat. 26:75. 2 Co. 2:7. Ga. 6:1. 1 Pe. 4:2, 3.
24 a hot burning. Heb. a burning of fire. Is. 3:24. This is supposed to state the case of such as had been hurt by fire; which would leave a scar, in which the leprosy might appear, and which was to be distinguished by the rules here given.
25 turned white. ver. 4, 18–20.
26 then the priest. ver. 4, 5, 23.
27 it is the plague of leprosy. See on ver. 2.
29 1 Ki. 8:38; 12:28. 2 Ch. 6:29. Ps. 53:4. Is. 1:5; 5:20; 9:15. Mi. 3:11. Mat. 6:23; 13:14, 15. Jno. 16:2, 3. Ac. 22:3, 4; 26:9, 10. 2 Co. 4:3, 4. 2 Th. 2:11, 12.
30 scall. ver. 34–37; ch. 14:54.
31 seven days. ver. 4–6.
32 yellow hair. ver. 30. Mat. 23:5. Lu. 18:9–12. Ro. 2:23.
34 the seventh. 1 Jno. 4:1. Jude 22. Re. 2:2. be not. ver. 23. and he shall. See on ver. 6.
35 ver. 7, 27. 2 Ti. 2:16, 17; 3:13.
39 if the bright. Ec. 7:20. Ro. 7:22–25. Ja. 3:2. a freckled spot. The word bohak, from the Syriac behak, to be white, or shining, here rendered ‘a freckled spot,’ is used by the Arabs to denote a kind of leprosy, of which NIEBUHR says, ‘Bohak is neither contagious nor dangerous. A black boy at Mocha, who was affected with this eruption, had here and there upon his body white spots. We were told that the use of sulphur had relieved this boy for a time, but had not entirely removed the disease.’ He adds subsequently from FORSKAL’ spapers, ‘The Arabs call a sort of leprosy, in which some little spots shew themselves here and there on the body, behaq; and it is without doubt the same as is named bohak, (Le. ch. 13.) They believe it to be so far from contagious, that one may sleep with the person affected without danger.’ ‘On the 15th day of May, 1765, I myself first saw the Bohak leprosy in a Jew at Mocha. The spots in this disease are of an unequal size. They do not shine; are not perceptibly higher than the skin; and do not change the colour of the hair. Their colour is an obscure white, inclining to red. The rest of the skin of the patient was darker than that of the people of the country in general; but the spots were not so white as the skin of an European, when not sun-burnt. The spots in this leprosy do not appear on the hands, or near the navel, but on the neck and face, yet not on that part where the hair grows thick. They gradually spread, and continue sometimes only about two months, but in some cases one or two years, and then disappear by degrees, of themselves. This disorder is neither contagious nor hereditary, nor does it occasion any inconvenience.’ Hence a person infected with the bohak is declared clean.
40 hair is fallen off his head. Heb. head is pilled.
44 utterly unclean. Job 36:14. Mat. 6:23. 2 Pe. 2:1, 2. 2 Jno. 8–10. his plague. Is. 1:5.
45 his clothes. Ge. 37:29. 2 Sa. 13:19. Job 1:20. Je. 3:25; 36:24. Joel 2:13. and his head. Le. 10:6; 21:10. put. Eze. 24:17, 22. Mi. 3:7. Unclean. Job 42:6. Ps. 51:3, 5. Is. 6:5; 52:11; 64:6. La. 4:15. Lu. 5:8; 7:6, 7; 17:12.
46 the days. Pr. 30:12. without. Nu. 5:2; 12. 14:15. 2 Ki. 7:3; 15:5. 2 Ch. 26:21. La. 1:1, 8. 1 Co. 5:5, 9–13. 2 Th. 3:6, 14. 1 Ti. 6:5. Heb. 12:15, 16. Re. 21:27; 22:15.
47 The garment. This leprosy in garments appears so strange to us, that it has induced some, with Bp. PATRICK, to consider it as an extraordinary punishment inflicted by God upon the Israelites, as a sign of his high displeasure; while others consider the leprosy in clothes (and also houses) as having no relation to the leprosy in man. When MICHAELIS was considering the subject, he was told by a dealer in wool, that the wool of sheep which die of disease, if it has not been shorn from the animal while living, is unfit to manufacture cloth, and liable to something like what Moses here describes, and which he imagines to be the plague of leprosy in garments. The whole account, however, as Dr. A. CLARKE observes, seems to intimate that the garment was fretted by the contagion of the real leprosy; which it is probable was occasioned by a species of animacula, or vermin, burrowing in the skin, which we know to be the cause of the itch; these, by breeding in the garments, must necessarily multiply their kind, and fret the garments, i.e. corrode a portion of the finer parts, after the manner of motns, for their nourishment. The infection of garments has frequently been known to cause the worst species of scarlet fever, and even the plague; and those infected with psora, or itch animal, have communicated the disease even in six or seven years after the infection. Is. 3:16–24; 59:6; 64:6. Eze. 16:16. Ro. 13:12. Ep. 4:22. Col. 3:3. Jude 23.
48 thing made of. Heb. work of.
49 thing of skin. Heb. vessel, or instrument. it is. See on ver. 2.
51 fretting leprosy. ch. 14:44.
52 burn. ch. 11. 33, 35. De. 7:25, 26. Is. 30:22. Ac. 19:19, 20. fretting leprosy. ch. 14:44, 45.
55 after. Eze. 24:13. He. 6:4–8. 2 Pe. 1:9; 2:20–22. it be bare within or without. Heb. it be bald in the head thereof, or in the forehead thereof.
57 shalt burn. Is. 33:14. Mat. 3:12; 22:7; 25:41. Re. 21:8, 27.
58 be washed. 2 Ki. 5:10, 14. Ps. 51:2. 2 Co. 7:1; 12:8. He. 9:10. Re. 1:5. The plague of leprosy was inflicted immediately from the hand of God, and came not from natural causes, as other diseases; and therefore must be managed according to a divine law. Miriam’s leprosy, and Gehazi’s, and King Uzziah’s, were all the punishments of particular sins; and if generally it was so, no marvel there was so much care taken to distinguish it from a common distemper, that none might be looked upon as lying under this extraordinary token of Divine displeasure, but those that really were so.


  CHAP. 14

  The rites and sacrifices in cleansing the leper, 1–32. The signs of leprosy in a house, 33–47. The cleansing of that house, 48–57.

2 the law. ver. 54–57; ch. 13:59. in the day. Nu. 6:9. He shall. Mat. 8:2–4. Mar. 1:40–44. Lu. 5:12–14; 17:14.
3 go forth. Lepers were obliged to live in a detached situation, separate from other people, and to keep themselves actually at a distance from them. They were distinguished by a peculiar dress; and if any person approached, they were bound to give him warning, by crying out, Unclean! unclean! out of. ch. 13:46. be healed. Ex. 15:26. 2 Ki. 5:3, 7, 8, 14. Job 5:18. Mat. 10:8; 11:5. Lu. 4:27; 7:22; 17:15–19. 1 Co. 6:9–11.
4 two birds, or, sparrows. The word tzippor, from the Arabic zaphara, to fly, is used in the Scriptures to denote birds of every species, particularly small birds. But it is often used in a more restricted sense, as the Hebrew writers assert, to signify the sparrow. AQUINAS says the same; and JEROME renders it here the sparrow. So the Greek στρουθια, in Matthew and Luke, which signifies a sparrow, is rendered by the Syriac translator tzipparin, the same as the Hebrew tzipporim. Nor is it peculiar to the Hebrews fo give the same name to the sparrow and to fowls of the largest size; for NICANDER calls the hen στρουθος κατοικαδος, the domestic sparrow, and both PLAUTUS and AUSONIUS call the ostrich, passer marinus, ‘the marine sparrow.’ It is evident, however, that the word in this passage signifies birds in general; for if the sparrow was a clean bird, there was no necessity for commanding a clean one to be taken, since every one of the species was ceremonially clean; but if it was unclean, then it could not be called clean. ch. 1:14; 5:7; 12:8. cedar. ver. 6, 49–52. Nu. 19:6. scarlet. He. 9:19. hyssop. Ex. 12:22. Nu. 19:18. Ps. 51:7.
5 earthen vessel. ver. 50. Nu. 5:17. 2 Co. 4:7; 5:1; 13:4. He. 2:14.
6 the living bird. Jno. 14:19. Ro. 4:25; 5:10. Phi. 2:9–11. He. 1:3. Re. 1:18. dip them. ver. 51–53. Zec. 13:1. Re. 1:5.
7 sprinkle. Nu. 19:18, 19. Is. 52:15. Eze. 36:25. Jno. 19:34. He. 9:13, 19, 21; 10:22; 12:24. 1 Pe. 1:2. 1 Jno. 5:6. seven times. ver. 51; ch. 4:6, 17; 8:11; 16:14, 19. 2 Ki. 5:10, 14. Ps. 51:2, 7. Ep. 5:26, 27. pronounce. ch. 13:13, 17. let. ch. 16:22. Da. 9:24. Mi. 7:19. He. 9:26. into the open field. Heb. upon the face of the field.
8 wash his. ch. 11:25; 13:6; 15:5–8. Ex. 19:10, 14. Nu. 8:7. Re. 7:14. wash himself, ch. 8:6. 1 Pe. 3:21. Re. 1:5, 6. and shall. Nu. 12:15. seven days. ch. 8:33–35; 13:5.
9 shave all. Nu. 6:9; 8:7. wash his flesh. LICHTENSTEIN states that ‘among the Koossas, (a nation of South Africa,) there are certain prevailing notions respecting moral [ceremonial] uneleanness. All children are unclean till they are admitted among grown-up persons (which happens with the males through the various ceremonies attending circumcision); all lying-in women are unclean for the first month; all men who have lost their wives, for a fortnight, and all widows for a month; a mother who has lost a child, for two days; all persons who have heen present at a death, the men returning from a battle, etc. No one may have intercourse with such an unclean person, till he has washed himself, rubbed his body with fresh paint, and rinsed his mouth with milk. But he must not do this till after the lapse of a certain time, fixed by general consent for each particular case, and during this time he must wholly refrain from washing, painting, or drinking milk.’
10 eighth day. ver. 23; ch. 9:1; 15:13, 14. take. Mat. 8:4. Mar. 1:44. Lu. 5:14. he lambs. ch. 1:10. Jno. 1:29. 1 Pe. 1:19. ewe lamb. ch. 4:32. Nu. 6:14. of the first year. Heb. the daughter of her year. three tenth. ch. 23:13. Ex. 29:40. Nu. 15:9; 28:20. a meat offering. ch. 2:1. Nu. 15:4–15. Jno. 6:33, 51. log of oil. ver. 12, 15, 21, 24.
11 ch. 8:3. Ex. 29:1–4. Nu. 8:6–11, 21. Ep. 5:26, 27. Jude 24.
12 trespass. ch. 5:2, 3, 6, 7, 18, 19; 6:6, 7. Is. 53:10. wave them. ch. 7:30; 8:27–29. Ex. 29:24.
13 in the place. ch. 1:5, 11; 4:4, 24. Ex. 29:11. as the sin. ch. 7:7; 10:17. it is most holy. ch. 2:3; 7:6; 21:22.
14 ch. 8:23, 24. Ex. 29:20. Is. 1:5. Ro. 6:13, 19; 12:1. 1 Co. 6:20. 2 Co. 7:1. Phi. 1:20. 1 Pe. 1:14, 15; 2:5, 9, 10. Re. 1:5, 6.
15 Ps. 45:7. Jno. 3:34. 1 Jno. 2:20.
16 ch. 4:6, 17. Lu. 17:18. 1 Co. 10:31.
17 ver. 14; ch. 8:30. Ex. 29:20, 21. Eze. 36:27. Jno. 1:16. Tit. 3:3–6. 1 Pe. 1:2.
18 the remnant. ch. 8:12. Ex. 29:7. 2 Co. 1:21, 22. Ep. 1:17, 18. make an atonement. ch. 4:26, 31; 5:16.
19 ver. 12; ch. 5:1, 6; 12:6–8. Ro. 8:3. 2 Co. 5:21.
20 ver. 10. Ep. 5:2.
21 poor. ch. 1:14; 5:7; 12:8. 1 Sa. 2:8. Job 34:19. Pr. 17:5; 22:2. Lu. 6:20; 21:2–4. 2 Co. 8:9, 12. Ja. 2:5, 6. cannot. Heb. his hand reach not. one lamb. See on ver. 10. to be waved. Heb. for a waving.
22 two turtle doves. Tor, the twtle or ring-dove, so called by an onomatopœia from its cooing, as in Greek τρυγων, Latin, turtur, and English, turtle. It is a species of the dove or pigeon, here called yonah, and in Syriac yauno, from the verb to oppress, afflict, because of its being particularly defenceless, and exposed to rapine and violence. The dove is a genus of birds too well known to need a particular description; and of which there are several species besides the turtle-dove; as the wood pigeon, tame pigeon, and others. The dove is universally allowed to be one of the most beautiful objects in nature. The brilliancy of her plumage, the splendour of her eye, the innocence of her look, the excellence of her dispositions, and the purity of her manners, have been the theme of admiration and praise in every age. To the snowy whiteness of her wings, and the rich golden hues that adorn her neck, the inspired Psalmist alludes in most elegant strains. (Ps. 68:13.) The voice of the dove is particularly tender and plaintive, and bears a striking resemblance to the groan of a person in distress; to which; the inspired bards frequently allude. (Is. 38:14; 59:11. Eze. 7:16.) Her native dwelling is in the caves or hollows of the rock; allusions to which fact also occur in the Sacred Writings, (Ca. 2:14. Je. 48:28.) Her manners are as engaging as her form is elegant, and her plumage rich and beautiful. She is the chosen emblem of simplicity, gentleness, chasity, and feminine timidity; and for this reason, as well as from their abounding in the East, they were probably chosen as offerings by Jehovah.
23 ver. 11.
24 See on ver. 10–13.
25 See on ver. 14–20. Ps. 40:6. Ec. 5:1.
29 ver. 18, 20. Ex. 30:15, 16. Jno. 17:19. 1 Jno. 2:1, 2; 5:6.
30 ver. 22; ch. 12:8; 15:14, 15. Lu. 2:24. Ro. 8:3.
32 ver. 2, 54–57; ch. 13:59. whose hand. See on ver. 10, 21. Ps. 72:12–14; 136:23. Mat. 11:5. 1 Co. 1:27, 28.
34 When. ch. 23:10; 25:2. Nu. 35:10. De. 7:2; 12:1, 8; 19:1; 26:1; 27:3. which I. Ge. 12:7; 13:17; 17:8. Nu. 32:32. De. 12:9, 10; 32:49. Jos. 13:1. I put the plague of leprosy. It was probably from this text, that the leprosy has been in general considered to be a supernatural disease, inflicted immediately by God himself; but it cannot be inferred from this expression, as it is well known, that in Scripture, God is frequently represented as doing what, in the course of his providence, he only permits to be done. Ex. 15:26. De. 7:15. 1 Sa. 2:6. Pr. 3:33. Is. 45:7. Am. 3:6; 6:11. Mi. 6:9.
35 a plague. De. 7:26. Jos. 7:21. 1 Sa. 3:12–14. 1 Ki. 13:34. Ps. 91:10. Pr. 3:33. Zec. 5:4.
36 empty. or, prepare. be not made. 1 Co. 15:33. 2 Ti. 2:17, 18. He. 12:15. Re. 18:4.
37 ch. 13:3, 19, 20, 42, 49.
38 ch. 13:50.
39 ch. 13:7, 8, 22, 27, 36, 51. The consideration of the circumstances will exhibit the importance and the propriety of the Mosaic ordinances on the subject of the house leprosy. 1. Moses ordained that the owner of a house, when any suspicious spots appeared on the walls, should be bound to give notice of it, in order that the house might be inspected; and that person, as in the case of the human leprosy, was to be the priest, whose duty it was. Now this would serve to check the mischief in its very origin, and make every one attentive to observe it. 2. On notice being given, the priest was to inspect the house, but the occupant had liberty to remove everything previously out of it; and that this might be done, the priest was empowered to order it ex offlcio; for whatever was found within a house declared unclean, became unclean along with it. 3. If, on the first inspection, the complaint did not appear wholly without foundation, but suspicious spots or dimples were actually to be seen, the house was to be shut up for seven days, and then to be inspected anew. If, in this interval, the evil did not spread, it was considered as having been a circumstance merely accidental, and the house was not polluted; but if it had spread, it was not considered a harmless accident, but the real house leprosy; and the stones affected with it were to be broken out of the wall, and carried to an unclean place without the city; and the walls of the whole house here scraped and plastered anew. 4. If, after this, the leprosy broke out afresh, the whole house was to be pulled down, and the materials carried without the city. Moses therefore, never suffered a leprous house to stand. 5. If, on the other hand, the house being inspected a second time, was found clean, it was solemnly so declared, and an offering made on the occasion; in order that every one might know for certain that it was not infected, and the public be freed from all fears on that score. By this law many evils were actually prevented—it would check the mischief in its very origin, and make every one attentive to observe it: the people would also guard against those impurities whence it arose, and thus the health be preserved and not suffer in an infected house. These Mosaic statutes were intended to prevent infection by the sacred obligations of religion. Ceremonial laws many keep more conscientiously and sacredly than moral precepts.
40 takeaway. Ps. 101:5, 7, 8. Pr. 22:10; 25:4, 5. Is. 1:25, 26. Mat. 18:17. Jno. 15:2. 1 Co. 5:5, 6, 13. Tit. 3:10. 2 Jno. 10, 11. Re. 2:2, 6, 14–16, 20. without the city. Re. 22:15.
41 into an unclean place. Job 36:13, 14. Is. 65:4. Mat. 8:28; 24:51. 1 Ti. 1:20. Re. 22:15.
42 Ge. 18:19. Jos. 24:15. 2 Ch. 17:7–9; 19:5–7; 29:4, 5. Ps. 101:6. Ac. 1:20–26. 1 Ti. 5:9, 10, 21, 22. 2 Ti. 2:2. Tit. 1:5–9.
43 Je. 6:28–30. Eze. 24:13. He. 6:4–8. 2 Pe. 2:20, 22. Jude 12.
44 ch. 13:51, 52. Zec. 5:4.
45 break down. 1 Ki. 9:6–9. 2 Ki. 10:27; 17:20–23; 18:4; 25:4–12, 25, 26. Je. 52:13. Eze. 5:4. Mat. 22:7; 24:2. Ro. 11:7–11. Re. 11:2. into an unclean place. See on ver. 41.
46 shall be unclean. ch. 11:24, 25, 28; 15:5–8, 10; 17:15; 22:6. Nu. 19:7–10, 21, 22.
47 wash his clothes. See on ver. 8, 9.
48 shall come in. Heb. in coming in shall come in, etc. because. ver. 3. Job 5:18. Ho. 6:1. Mar. 5:29, 34. Lu. 7:21. 1 Co. 6:11.
49 See on ver. 4–7.
53 ver. 20.
54 the law. ver. 2, 32; ch. 6:9, 14, 25; 7:1, 37; 11:46; 15:32. Nu. 5:29; 6:13; 19:14. De. 24:8. scall. ch. 13:30, 31.
55 the leprosy. ch. 13:47–59. of a house. ver. 34.
56 a rising. ch. 13:2.
57 teach. ch. 10:10. Je. 15:19. Eze. 44:23. when it is unclean, and when it is clean. Heb. in the day of the unclean, and in the day of the clean. this is. De. 24:8.


  CHAP. 15

  The uncleanness of men in their issues, 1–12. The cleansing of’ them, 13–18. The uncleanness of women in their issues, 19–27. Their cleansing, 28–33.

1 Aaron. ch. 11:1; 13:1. Ps. 25:14. Am. 3:7. He. 1:1.
2 unto the. De. 4:7, 8. Ne. 9:13, 14. Ps. 78:5; 147:19, 20. Ro. 3:2. when any man. It is not necessary to consider particularly the laws contained in this chapter, the letter of the text being in general sufficiently plain. It may, however, be observed, that from the pains which persons rendered unclean were obliged to take, the ablutions and separations which they must observe, and the privations to which they must in consequence be exposed, in the way of commerce, traffic, etc., these laws were admirably adapted to prevent contagion of every kind, by keeping the whole from the diseased, and to hinder licentious indulgences and excesses of every description. ch. 22:4. Nu. 5:2. 2 Sa. 3:29. Mat. 9:20. Mar. 5:25; 7:20–23. Lu. 8:43. running issue. or, running of the reins.
3 ch. 12:3. Eze. 16:26; 23:20.
4 thing. Heb. vessel. be unclean. 1 Co. 15:33. Ep. 5:11. Tit. 1:15.
5 ch. 11:25, 28, 32; 13:6, 34; 14:8, 9, 27, 46, 47; 16:26, 28; 17:15. Nu. 19:10, 22. Ps. 26:6; 51:2, 7. Is. 1:16; 22:14. Eze. 36:25, 29. He. 9:14, 26; 10:22. Ja. 4:8. Re. 7:14.
6 Is. 1:16. Ja. 4:8.
8 Is. 1:16. Ga. 1:8, 9. 1 Ti. 4:1–3. Tit. 1:9, 10. 2 Pe. 2:1–3. Ja. 4:8. Jude 4.
9 saddle. The word merchav, from rachav, to ride, here rendered by our translators saddle, and frequently chariot, Mr. HARMER thinks rather means a litter, or coune, of which we have already given a description in Ge. 31:34.
10 See on ver. 5, 8. Ps. 26:6. Ja. 4:8.
11 whomsoever. It is rather doubtful whether the words hath not rinsed his hands in water, refer to him who was diseased, or to him who had his hands touched. Most understand it of the former, that if the person who had the issue rinsed his hands in water, just before he touched any one, he did not communicate any pollution; otherwise, he did. But the Syriac refers it to the person touched by him, though it seems strange that he should be cleansed by washing his hands, when perhaps some other part was touched.
12 vessel. ch. 6:28; 11:32, 33. Pr. 1:21, 23; 3:21. 2 Co. 5:1. Phi. 3:21. shall be broken. Ps. 2:9.
13 seven days. ver. 28; ch. 8:33; 9:1; 14:8, 10. Ex. 29:35, 37. Nu. 12:14; 19:11, 12. wash. ver. 5, 10, 11. Je. 33:8. Eze. 36:25–29. 2 Co. 7:1. Ja. 4:8. Re. 1:5.
14 ver. 29, 30; ch. 1:14; 12:6, 8; 14:22–31. Nu. 6:10. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 7:26; 10:10, 12, 14.
15 the one. ch. 5:7–10; 14:19, 20, 30, 31. an atonement. ch. 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 12:7; 14:18. Nu. 15:25; 25:13. Mat. 3:17. Ep. 1:6. He. 1:3.
16 ver. 5; ch. 22:4. De. 23:10, 11. 2 Co. 7:1. 1 Pe. 2:11. 1 Jno. 1:7.
17 skin. The poorer class of Arabs of our times make use of mats in their tents; and other inhabitants of these countries, who affect ancient simplicity of manners, make use of goat-skins. Dr. R. CHANDLER, in his Travels in Greece, tells us, that he saw some dervishes at Athens sitting on goat-skins; and that he was afterwards conducted into a room furnished in like manner, with the same kind of carpeting, where he was treated with a pipe and coffee by the chief dervish. Those that are at all acquainted with Oriental manners, in these later times, know that their dervishes (who are a sort of Mohammedan devotees, a good deal resembling the begging friars of the church or Rome) affect great simplicity, and even sometimes austerity, in their drees and way of living. As these dervishes that Dr. CHANDLER visited sat on goat-skins, and used no other kind of carpet for the accommodation of those who visited them: so it should seem that the Israelites in the wilderness made use of skins for mattresses to lie upon, and consequently, we may equally suppose to sit upon in the day time, instead of a carpet.
18 the woman. ver. 5. Ep. 4:17–19; 5:3–11. 2 Ti. 2:22. 1 Pe. 2:11. unclean. Ex. 19:15. 1 Sa. 21:4, 5. Ps. 51:5. 1 Co. 6:12, 18. 1 Th. 4:3–5. He. 13:4.
19 and her issue. ch. 12:2, 4; 20:18. La. 1:8, 9, 17. Eze. 36:17. Mat. 15:19. Mar. 5:25. put apart. Heb. in her separation.
20 See on ver. 4–9. Pr. 2:16–19; 5:3–13; 6:24, 35; 7:10–27; 9:13–18; 22:27. Ec. 7:26. 1 Co. 15:33.
21 See on ver. 5, 6. Is. 22:14. 2 Co. 7:1. He. 9:26. Re. 7:14.
24 ver. 33; ch. 20:18. Eze. 18:6, 22:10. 1 Th. 5:22. He. 13:4. 1 Pe. 2:11.
25 ver. 19–24. Mat. 9:20. Mar. 5:25; 7:20–23. Lu. 8:43.
27 ver. 5–8, 13, 21; ch. 17:15, 16. Eze. 36:25, 29. Zec. 13:1. He. 9:14; 10:22. 1 Pe. 1:18, 19. 1 Jno. 1:7.
28 See on ver. 13–15. Mat. 1:21. 1 Co. 1:30; 6:11. Ga. 3:13; 4:4. Ep. 1:6, 7.
29 See on ver. 14.
31 Thus shall. ch. 11:47; 13:59. Nu. 5:3. De. 24:8. Ps. 66:18. Eze. 44:23. He. 10:29; 12:14, 15. Jude 4. that they. ch. 19:30; 21:23. Nu. 5:3; 19:13, 20. Eze. 5:11; 23:38; 44:5–7. Da. 9:27. 1 Co. 3:17. These laws were principally intended to impress the minds of the Israelites with reverence for the sanctuary; and, on the one hand, to shew them what need they had of circumspection, and purity of heart and life, in order to worship the holy God with acceptance; and, on the other hand, that being sinners in a world full of temptations and defilements, they would continually need forgiveness, through the great atonement typified by all the sacrifices, and the sanctification of the Spirit, shadowed forth by all the purifications. While they were encamped in the desert, it would not be very burdensome to bring the prescribed oblations; but after they were settled in Canaan, many of them at a great distance from the tabernacle, this would become much more difficult. We may, however, observe, continues Mr. SCOTT, that many of the cases stated only required such washings as might any where be performed; and that those, respecting which sacrifices were appointed, would more rarely occur. We may also suppose, that provided these were brought, when the person who had been unclean first came to the sanctuary, it would suffice: though distance or other hindrances prevented its being done immediately, at the expiration of the seven days.
32 ver. 1–18; ch. 11:46; 13:59; 14:2, 32, 54–57. Nu. 5:29; 6:13; 19:14. Eze. 43:12.
33 of her. ver. 19–30. and of him. ver. 24; ch. 20:18.


  CHAP. 16

  How the high priest must enter into the holy place, 1–10. The sin offering for himself, 11–14. The sin offering for the people, 15–19. The scape-goat, 20–28. The yearly feast of the expiations, 29–34.

1 ch. 10:1, 2.
2 he come not. ch. 23:27. Ex. 26:33, 34; 30:10; 40:20, 21. 1 Ki. 8:6. He. 9:3, 7, 8; 10:19, 20. that he die not. ver. 13; ch. 8:35. Nu. 4:19; 17:10. Mat. 27:51. He. 4:14–16; 10:19. in the cloud. Ex. 40:34, 35. 1 Ki. 8:10–12. 2 Ch. 5:14. the mercy seat. Ex. 25:17–22.
3 Aaron. He. 9:7, 12, 24, 25. a young. ch. 4:3; 8:14. Nu. 29:7–11. a ram for a burnt-offering. ch. 1:8, 10; 8:18; 9:3.
4 holy linen coat. Heb. of holiness. Greek, a sanctified linen coat. This and the other vestures were peculiar for this day, and for the services of this day; that is, for making atonement: the other service, which was ordinary, he performed this day in his other priestly garments. The eight ornaments usually worn by the high priest are enumerated in Exodus 28. ver. 4, etc., and the four that were for this day are here expressed, and are called the white garments, while the others were designated the golden garments, because some were made with gold thread woven in them. These four were made of six double twisted threads, and of flax only. ch. 6:10. Ex. 28:2, 39–43; 39:27–29. Is. 53:2. Eze. 44:17, 18. Lu. 1:35. Phi. 2:7 He. 2:14; 7:26. therefore. ch. 8:6, 7. Ex. 29:4; 30:20; 40:12, 31, 32. Re. 1:5, 6.
5 ch. 4:14; 8:2, 14; 9:8–16. Nu. 29:11. 2 Ch. 29:21. Ezr. 6:17. Eze. 45:22, 23. Ro. 8:3. He. 7:27, 28; 10:5–14.
6 which ch. 8:14–17. He. 9:7. an atonement. for himself. ch. 9:7. Ezr. 10:18, 19. Job 1:5. Eze. 43:19, 27. He. 5:2.
7 ch. 1:3; 4:4; 12:6, 7. Mat. 16:21. Ro. 12:1.
8 cast lots. Nu. 26:50; 33:54. Jos. 18:10, 11. 1 Sa. 14:41, 42. Pr. 16:33. Eze. 48:29. Jon. 1:7. Ac. 1:23–26. scape-goat. Heb. Azazel, that is, the goat-gone-away. The Hebrew עזאזל has been supposed by some to be the name of a place, either a mountain or cliff, to which the goat was led. But no place of that name has ever been pointed out, except a mountain near Sinai, which was too distant for the goat to be conducted there from Jerusalem. Other learned men think it was the name of the devil, who was worshipped by the heathen in the form of a goat. But Bp. PATRICK justly objects to this opinion; for it is difficult to conceive, that when the other goat was offered to God, this should be sent among demons. The more probable opinion seems to be, that it was a name given to the goat itself, on account of his being let go; from aiz, a goat, and azal, to depart. So LXX. αποπομπαιος, and Vulgate emissarius, sent away; AQUILA and SYMMACHUS τραγος απερχομενος, or απολελυμενος· the goat going away, or dismissed.
9 upon which. Ac. 2:23; 4:27, 28. fell. Heb. went up.
10 the scape-goat, ver. 21, 22. to make. Is. 53:5, 6, 10, 11. Ro. 4:25. 2 Co. 5:21. He. 7:26, 27; 9:23, 24. 1 Jno. 2:2; 3:16. let him. ch. 14:7.
11 See on ver. 3, 6.
12 from off. ch. 10:1. Nu. 16:18, 46. Is. 6:6, 7. He. 9:14. 1 Jno. 1:7. sweet incense. Ex. 30:34–38; 31:11; 37:29. Re. 8:3, 4.
13 And he. Ex. 30:1, 7, 8. Nu. 16:7, 18, 46. Re. 8:3, 4. the cloud. Ex. 25:21. He. 4:14–16; 7:25; 9:24. 1 Jno. 2:1, 2.
14 ch. 4:5, 6, 17; 8:11. Ro. 3:24–26. He. 9:7, 13, 25; 10:4, 10–12, 19; 12:24.
15 Then shall. ver. 5–9. He. 2:17; 5:3; 9:7 25, 26. bring, ver. 2. He. 6:19; 9:3, 7, 12.
16 an atonement, ver. 18; ch. 8:15. Ex. 29:36, 37. Eze. 45:18, 19. Jno. 14:3. He. 9:22, 23. remaineth. Heb. dwelleth.
17 no man. Ex. 34:3. Is. 53:6. Da. 9:24. Lu. 1:10. Ac. 4:12. 1 Ti. 2:5. He. 1:3; 9:7. 1 Pe. 2:24; 3:18. and have made. ver. 10, 11.
18 ver. 16; ch. 4:7, 18. Ex. 30:10. Jno. 17:19. He. 2:11; 5:7, 8; 9:22, 23.
19 Eze. 43:18–22. Zec. 13:1.
20 reconciling. ver. 16; ch. 6:30; 8:15. Eze. 45:20. 2 Co. 5:19. Col. 1:20. live goat. Ro. 4:25; 8:34. He. 7:25. Re. 1:18.
21 lay. See on ch. 1:4. Ex. 29:10. confess over. ch. 26:40. Ezr. 10:1. Ne. 1:6, 7; 9:3, etc. Ps. 32:5; 51:3. Pr. 28:13. Da. 9:3–20. Ro. 10:10. putting. Is. 53:6. 2 Co. 5:21. a fit man. Heb. a man of opportunity. The man that took the scape-goat into the wilderness, and they that burned the sin offering, were to be looked upon as ceremonially unclean, and must not come into the camp till they had washed their clothes and bathed their flesh in water, which signified the defiling nature of sin; even the sacrifice which was made sin, was defiling: also the imperfection of the legal sacrifices, they were so far from taking away sin, that they left some stain even upon those that touched them.
22 bear upon. Is. 53:11, 12. Jno. 1:29. Ga. 3:13. He. 9:28. 1 Pe. 2:24. not inhabited. Heb. of separation. Ps. 103:10, 12. Eze. 18:22. Mi. 7:19.
23 ver. 4. Eze. 42:14; 44:19. Ro. 8:3. Phi. 2:6–11. He. 9:28.
24 wash. ver. 4; ch. 8:6; 14:9; 22:6. Ex. 29:4. He. 9:10; 10:19–22. Re. 1:5, 6. his garments. ch. 8:7–9. Ex. 28:4, etc.; 29:5. his burnt. ver. 3, 5. and make. ver. 17.
25 ver. 6; ch. 4:8–10, 19. Ex. 29:13.
26 he that. ver. 10, 21, 22. wash. ver. 28; ch. 14:8; 15:5–11, 27. Nu. 19:7, 8, 21. He. 7:19.
27 bullock. ch. 4:11, 12, 21; 6:30; 8:17. without. Mat. 27:31–33. He. 13:11–14.
28 See on ver. 26.
29 in the seventh. ch. 23:27–32. Ex. 30:10. Nu. 29:7. 1 Ki. 8:2. Ezr. 3:1. shall afflict. Ps. 35:13; 69:10. Is. 58:3, 5. Da. 10:3, 12. 1 Co. 11:31. 2 Co. 7:10, 11. do no. ch. 23:3, 7, 8, 21, 28, 36. Ex. 12:16; 20:10. Is. 58:13. He. 4:10.
30 Ps. 51:2, 7, 10. Je. 33:8. Eze. 36:25–27. Ep. 5:26. Tit. 2:14. He. 9:13, 14; 10:1, 2. Jno. 1:7–9.
31 ch. 23:32; 25:4. Ex. 31:15; 35:2.
32 the priest. ch. 4:3, 5, 16. consecrate. Heb. fill his hand. Ex. 29:9, marg. to minister. Ex. 29:29, 30. Nu. 20:26–28. put on the linen. See on ver. 4.
33 See on ver. 6, 16, 18, 19, 24. Ex. 20:25, 26.
34 an everlasting. ch. 23:31. Nu. 29:7. once a year. Ex. 30:10. He. 9:7, 25; 10:3, 14.


  CHAP. 17

  The blood of all slain beasts must be offered to the Lord at the door of the tabernacle, 1–6. They must not offer to devils, 7–9. All eating of blood is forbidden, 10–14; and of all that dies by itself, or is torn, 15, 16.

3 be of. ver. 8, 12, 13, 15. that killeth an. De. 12:5–7, 11–15, 20–22, 26, 27.
4 bringeth. ch. 1:3. De. 12:5, 6, 13, 14. Eze. 20:40. Jno. 10:7, 9; 14:6. blood shall. ch. 7:18. Ps. 32:2. Ro. 4:6; 5:13, 20. Phile. 18, 19. he hath. Is. 66:3. be cut off. ver. 10, 14; ch. 18:29; 20:3, 16, 18. Ge. 17:14. Ex. 12:15, 19. Nu. 15:30, 31.
5 in the open. Ge. 21:33; 22:2, 13; 31:54. De. 12:2. 1 Ki. 14:23. 2 Ki. 16:4; 17:10. 2 Ch. 28:4. Eze. 20:28; 22:9. and offer them. ch. 3; 7:11–21. Ex. 24:5.
6 sprinkle. ch. 3:2, 8, 13. burn. ch. 3:5, 11, 16; 4:31. Ex. 29:13, 18. Nu. 18:17.
7 unto devils. De. 32:17. 2 Ch. 11:15. Ps. 106:37. Jno. 12:31; 14:30. 1 Co. 10:20. 2 Co. 4:4. Ep. 2:2. Re. 9:20. devils, Seirim, properly signifies hairy, or hairy ones; and hence is used not only for he-goats, but also for some fabulous beings or sylvan gods, to whom was ascribed the form of goats. MAIMONIDES says that the Zabian idolaters worshipped demons under the form of goats; and that this custom being spread among other nations, gave occasion to this precept. He-goats, however, are probably intended here, which were objects of divine honour among the Egyptians under the name of Mendes. HERODOTUS says that all goats were worshipped in Egypt; but particularly he-goats. From these seem to have sprung Pan, Silenus, and the innumerable herd of those imaginary beings, fauns, satyrs, dryads, etc., all woodland gods, and held in veneration by the Greeks and Romans. gone a whoring. Though this phrase is equivalent, in Scripture, to that of committing idolatry, yet it is to be taken sometimes in a literal sense. Baalpeor and Ashtaroth were worshipped with obscene rites; and public prostitution formed a great part of the worship among the Egyptians, Moabites, Canaanites, Greeks, and Romans. ch. 20:5. Ex. 34:15. De. 31:16. Je. 3:1. Eze. 23:8. Re. 17:1–5.
8 that offereth. ver. 4, 10; ch. 1:2, 3. Ju. 6:26. 1 Sa. 7:9; 10:8; 16:2. 2 Sa. 24:25. 1 Ki. 18:30–38. Mal. 1:11.
9 ver. 4.
10 that eateth. ver. 11; ch. 3:17; 7:26, 27; 19:26. Ge. 9:4. De. 12:16, 23; 15:23. 1 Sa. 14:33. Eze. 33:25; 44:7. Ac. 15:20, 29. He. 10:29. I will. ch. 20:3–6; 26:17. Ps. 34:16. Je. 21:10; 44:11. Eze. 14:8; 15:7.
11 the life. This sentence, which contains a most important truth, had existed in the Mosaic writings for more than 3000 years, before the attention of any philosopher was drawn to the subject. That the blood actually possesses a living principle, and that the life of the whole body is derived from it, is a doctrine of revelation, and a doctrine which the experiments of the most accurate anatomists have served strongly to confirm. The proper circulation of this important fluid through the whole human system was first taught by SOLOMON in figurative language, (Ec. 12:6,) and discovered, as it is called, and demonstrated by Dr. HARVEY in 1628; though some Italian philosophers had the same notion a little before. This accurate anatomist was the first who fully revived the Mosaic notion of the vitality of the blood; which was afterwards adopted by the justly celebrated Dr. JOHN HUNTER, professor of anatomy, and established by him, by a great variety of strong reasoning and accurate experiments, ver. 14. I have. ch. 8:15; 16:11, 14–19. Mat. 20:28; 26:28. Mar. 14:24. Ro. 3:25; 5:9. Ep. 1:7. Col. 1:14, 20. He. 9:22; 13:12. 1 Pe. 1:2. 1 Jno. 1:7; 2:2. Re. 1:5.
12 neither. Ex. 12:49.
13 which hunteth. ch. 7:26. hunteth. Heb. hunteth any hunting. pour out. De. 12:16, 24; 15:23. 1 Sa. 14:32–34. Job 16:18. Eze. 24:7.
14 ver. 11, 12. Ge. 9:4. De. 12:23.
15 every soul. ch. 22:8. Ex. 22:31. De. 14:21. Eze. 4:14; 44:31. that which died of itself. Heb. a carcase. both wash. ch. 11:25; 15:5, 10, 21. Nu. 19:8, 19, 21. Re. 7:14.
16 ch. 5:1; 7:18; 19:8; 20:17, 19, 20. Nu. 19:19, 20. Is. 53:11. Jno. 13:8. He. 9:28. 1 Pe. 2:24.


  CHAP. 18

  Unlawful marriages, and unlawful lusts, 1–30.

2 ver. 4; ch. 11:44; 19:3, 4, 10, 34; 20:7. Ge. 17:7. Ex. 6:7; 20:2. Ps. 33:12. Eze. 20:5, 7, 19, 20.
3 the doings. Ps. 106:35. Eze. 20:7, 8; 23:8. Ep. 5:7–11. 1 Pe. 4:2–4. and after. ch. 20:23. Ex. 23:24. De. 12:4, 30, 31. Je. 10:2, 3. Ro. 12:2.
4 ver. 26; ch. 19:37; 20:22. De. 4:1, 2; 6:1. Ps. 105:45; 119:4. Eze. 20:19; 36:27; 37:24. Lu. 1:6. Jno. 15:14.
5 which if a man do. Eze. 20:11, 13, 21. Lu. 10:28. Ro. 10:5. Ga. 3:12. I am the Lord. Ex. 6:2, 6, 29. Mal. 3:6.
6 near to kin. Heb. remainder of his flesh. Notwithstanding the prohibitions here, it must be evident, that in the infancy of the world, persons very near of kin, and even brothers and sisters, must have joined in matrimonial alliances; and therefore we cannot pronounce them immoral in themselves. But, in these first instances, necessity required it; but when this necessity no longer existed, the thing became inexpedient and improper: for, 1. As human nature now is, it is very expedient that those who are so much together in youth, should, by such a restriction, be taught to look upon all such intercourse as prohibited and incestuous; for unless such restrictions are made, it would be impossible to prevent the prevalence of very early corruption among young persons. (See Michaelis on the laws of Moses, Art. 108.) 2. That the duties owing by nature to relatives might not be confounded with those of a social or political kind; for could a man be a brother and a husband, or a son and a husband, at the same time, and fulfil the duties of both? Impossible. 3. That by intermarrying with other families, relationship and its endearments might be diffused. These prohibitions are, therefore, to be considered so eminently moral obligations as to be observed by all mankind. to uncover ver. 7–19; ch. 20:11, 12, 17–21.
7 ch. 20:11. Eze. 22:10.
8 ch. 20:11. Ge. 35:22; 49:4. De. 22:30; 27:20. 2 Sa. 16:21, 22. Eze. 22:10. Am. 2:7. 1 Co. 5:1.
9 ch. 20:17. De. 27:22. 2 Sa. 13:11–14. Eze. 22:11.
12 ch. 20:19. Ex. 6:20.
14 ch. 20:20.
15 ch. 20:12. Ge. 38:18, 19, 26. Eze. 22:11.
16 ch. 20:21. Ge. 25:5. Mat. 14:3, 4; 22:24. Mar. 6:17; 12:19. Lu. 3:19.
17 a woman. ch. 20:14. De. 27:23. Am. 2:7. it is wickedness. ch. 20:14.
18 wife. or, one wife to another. Ge. 4:19; 29:28. Ex. 26:3. to vex her. Ge. 30:15. 1 Sa. 1:6–8. Mal. 2:15.
19 ch. 15:19, 24; 20:18. Eze. 18:6; 22:10.
20 ch. 20:10. Ex. 20:14. De. 5:18; 22:22, 25. 2 Sa. 11:3, 4, 27. Pr. 6:25, 29–33. Mal. 3:5. Mat. 5:27, 28. Ro. 2:22. 1 Co. 6:9. Ga. 5:19. He. 13:4.
21 pass through. Molech signifies a king, or governor, of similar import with Baâl, lord, or governor; and it is generally supposed that the sun was worshipped under this name; and more particularly as the fire appears to have been so much employed in his worship. It seems clear that children were not only consecrated to him by passing through the fire, which appears to be alluded to here, but that they were actually made a burnt offering to him. (See the parallel passages.) That the several abominations afterwards mentioned were actually practised by many heathen nations is abundantly attested by their own writers. ch. 20:2. De. 12:31; 18:10. 2 Ki. 16:3; 21:6; 23:10. Ps. 106:37, 38. Je. 7:31; 19:5. Eze. 20:31; 23:37. to Molech. 1 Ki. 11:7, 33. Am. 5:26. Ac. 7:48. Moloch. profane. ch. 19:12; 20:2–5; 21:6; 22:2, 32. Eze. 36:20–23. Mal. 1:12. Ro. 1:23; 2:24.
22 ch. 20:13. Ge. 19:5. Ju. 19:22. 1 Ki. 14:24. Ro. 1:26, 27. 1 Co. 6:9. 1 Ti. 1:10. Jude 7.
23 any beast. ch. 20:15, 16. Ex. 22:19. confusion. ch. 20:12.
24 Defile. ver. 6–23, 30. Je. 44:4. Mat. 15:18–20. Mar. 7:10–23. 1 Co. 3:17. for. ch. 20:22, 23. De. 12:31; 18:12.
25 the land. Nu. 35:33, 34. Ps. 106:38. Is. 24:5. Jo. 2:7; 16:18. Eze. 36:17, 18. Ro. 8:22. therefore. Ps. 89:32. Is. 26:21. Je. 5:9, 29; 9:9; 14:10; 23:2. Ho. 2:13; 8:13; 9:9. vomiteth. ver. 28; ch. 20:22.
26 keep. ver. 5, 30. De. 4:1, 2, 40; 12:32. Ps. 105:44, 45. Lu. 8:15; 11:28. Jno. 14:15, 21–23; 15:14. nor any stranger. ch. 17:8, 10.
27 ver. 24. De. 20:18; 23:18; 25:16; 27:15. 1 Ki. 14:24. 2 Ki. 16:3; 21:2. 2 Ch. 36:14. Eze. 16:50; 22:11. Ho. 9:10.
28 ver. 25; ch. 20:22. Je. 9:19. Eze. 36:13, 17. Ro. 8:22. Re. 3:16.
29 ch. 17:10; 20:6. See on Ex. 12:15.
30 abominable. ver. 3, 26, 27; ch. 20:23. De. 18:9–12. that ye defile. ver. 24. I am. See on ver. 2, 4.


  CHAP. 19

  A repetition of sundry laws.

2 Ye shall. ch. 11:44, 45; 20:7, 26; 21:8. Ex. 19:6. Is. 6:3, 4. Am. 3:3. Mat. 5:48. 2 Co. 6:14–16; 7:1. 1 Pe. 1:15, 16.
3 fear. Ex. 20:12; 21:15, 17. De. 21:18–21; 27:16. Pr. 1:8; 6:20, 21; 23:22; 30:11, 17. Eze. 22:7. Mal. 1:6. Mat. 15:4–6. Ep. 6:1–3. He. 12:9. keep. ch. 26:2. Ex. 16:29; 20:8; 31:13–17. Is. 56:4–6; 58:13. Eze. 20:12, 20; 22:8.
4 not unto. ch. 26:1. See on Ex. 20:3–5. 1 Co. 10:14. 1 Jno. 5:21. molten gods. Ex. 20:23; 32:4; 34:17. De. 27:15. Ha. 2:18.
5 a sacrifice. ch. 3; 7:16; 22:21. Ex. 24:5. 2 Ch. 31:2. Eze. 45:15–17; 46:2, 12. Ep. 2:13, 14. ye shall. ch. 1:3; 22:19, 23, 29. your own will. The Hebrews had several kinds of offerings, which they called corban. Some were free-will offerings, and others were of obligation. The first-fruits, the tenths, the sin-offerings, were of obligation; the peace-offerings, vows, offerings of oil, wine, bread, and other things which were made to the temple, or to the ministers of the Lord, were offerings of devotion; these constituted the greater part. They indeed were a shadow of good things to come, which we enjoy in full fruition through THE ONE great SACRIFICE, even Jesus Christ.

      ‘Aaron must lay his robes away,
         His mitre and his vest,
      When God himself comes down to be
         The offering and the priest.’

6 ch. 7:11–17.
7 abominable. Is. 1:13; 65:4; 66:3. Je. 16:18. it shall. See on ch. 7:18–21; 22:23, 25.
9 ye reap the harvest. In what code of laws merely human, is a requisition to be found so counteracting to selfishness, so encouraging to liberality, and so beneficently considering to the poor and needy? But the Mosaic dispensation, like the Christian, breathed with love to God, and benevolence to man. To the honour of the public and charitable spirit of the English, this merciful law is, in general, as much attended to as if it had been incorporated with the gospel. ch. 23:22. De. 24:19–21. Ru. 2:2, 15.
10 glean. Ju. 8:2. Is. 17:6; 24:13. Je. 49:9. Ob. 5. Mi. 7:1. thou shalt. ch. 25:6.
11 shall not. ch. 6:2. Ex. 20:15, 17; 22:1, 7, 10–12. De. 5:19. Je. 6:13; 7:9–11. Zec. 5:3, 4; 8:16. 1 Co. 6:8–10. Ep. 4:28. lie one. 1 Ki. 13:18. Ps. 101:7; 116:11. Je. 9:3–5. Ac. 5:3, 4. Ro. 3:4. Ep. 4:25. Col. 3:9. 1 Ti. 1:10. Re. 21:8.
12 ye shall. ch. 6:3. Ex. 20:7. De. 5:11. Ps. 15:4. Je. 4:2; 7:9. Zec. 5:4. Mal. 3:5. Mat. 5:33, 34. Ja. 5:12. profane. ch. 18:21; 24:11, 15, 16. Eze. 36:20–23.
13 shalt not. Pr. 20:10; 22:22. Je. 22:3. Eze. 22:29. Mar. 10:19. Lu. 3:13. 1 Th. 4:6. the wages. De. 24:14, 15. Job 31:39. Je. 22:13. Mal. 3:5. Ja. 5:4.
14 not curse. De. 27:18. Ro. 12:14; 14:13. 1 Co. 8:8–13; 10:32. Re. 2:14. fear. ver. 32; ch. 25:17. Ge. 42:18. Ne. 5:15. 1 Pe. 1:17; 2:17.
15 ver. 35. Ex. 18:21; 23:2, 3, 7, 8. De. 1:17; 16:19; 25:13–16; 27:19. 2 Ch. 19:6, 7. Ps. 82:2. Pr. 18:5; 24:23. Ja. 2:6–9.
16 tale-bearer. Ex. 23:1. Ps. 15:3. Pr. 11:13; 20:19. Je. 6:28; 9:4. Eze. 22:9. 1 Ti. 3:11. 2 Ti. 3:3. Tit. 2:3. 1 Pe. 2:1. stand. Ex. 20:16; 23:1, 7. 1 Ki. 21:10–13. Mat. 26:60, 61; 27:4. Ac. 6, 11–13; 24:4–9.
17 hate. Ge. 27:41. Pr. 26:24–26. 1 Jno. 2:9, 11; 3:12–15. rebuke. Ps. 141:5. Pr. 9:8; 27:5, 6. Mat. 18:15–17. Lu. 17:3. Ga. 2:11–14; 6:1. Ep. 5:11. 1 Ti. 5:20. 2 Ti. 4:2. Tit. 1:13; 2:15. and not suffer sin upon him. or, that thou bear not sin for him. Ro. 1:32. 1 Co. 5:2. 1 Ti. 5:22. 2 Jno. 10, 11.
18 not avenge. Ex. 23:4, 5. De. 32:35. 2 Sa. 13:22, 28. Pr. 20:22. Mat. 5:43, 44. Ro. 12:17, 19; 13:4. Ga. 5:20. Ep. 4:31. Col. 3:8. 1 Pe. 2:1. thou. shalt. Mat. 5:43; 19:19; 22:39, 40. Mar. 12:31–34. Lu. 10:27–37. Ro. 13:9. Ga. 5:14. Ja. 2:8.
19 thy cattle gender. These practices might have been considered as altering the original constitution of God in creation; and this is the view which the Jews, and also JOSEPHUS and PHILO, take of the subject. There were, probably, also both moral and political reasons for these prohibitions. With respect to heterogeneous mixtures among cattle, it was probably forbidden, to prevent excitements to the abominations condemned in the preceding chapter. As to seeds, in many cases, it would be highly improper to sow different kinds in the same plot of ground. If oats and wheat, for instance, were sown together, the latter would be injured, and the former ruined. This prohibition may therefore be regarded as a prudential agricultural maxim. As to different kinds of garments, the prohibition might be intended against pride and vanity in clothing. Ge. 36:24. 2 Sa. 13:29; 18:9. 1 Ki. 1:33. Ezr. 2:66. mingled. De. 22:9–11. Mat. 9:16, 17. Ro. 11:6. 2 Co. 6:14–17. Ga. 3:9–11.
20 betrothed to an husband. or, abused by any. Heb. reproached by, or, for man. she shall be scourged. or, they. Heb. there shall be a scourging. they shall. Ex. 21:20, 21. De. 22:23, 24.
21 ch. 5; 6:1–7.
22 and the sin. See on ch. 4:20, 26.
23 And when. See on ch. 14:34. uncircumcised. ch. 12:3; 22:27. Ex. 6:12, 30; 22:29, 30. Je. 6:10; 9:25, 26. Ac. 7:51.
24 all the. Nu. 18:12, 13. De. 12:17, 18; 14:28, 29; 18:4. Pr. 3:9. holy to praise the Lord withal. Heb. holiness of praises to the Lord.
25 ch. 26:3, 4. Pr. 3:9, 10. Ec. 11:1, 2. Hag. 1:4–6, 9–11; 2:18, 19. Mal. 3:8–10.
26 with the blood. See on ch. 3:17; 7:26; 17:10–14. De. 12:23. use. Ex. 7:11; 8:7. 1 Sa. 15:23. Je. 10:2. Da. 2:10. Mal. 3:5. nor. De. 18:10–14. 2 Ki. 17:17; 21:6. 2 Ch. 33:6.
27 ch. 21:5. Is. 15:2. Je. 16:6; 48:37. Eze. 7:18; 44:20.
28 cuttings. ch. 21:5. De. 14:1. 1 Ki. 18:28. Je. 16:6; 48:37. Mar. 5:5. print. Re. 13:16, 17; 14:9, 11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4.
29 prostitute. Heb. profane, to cause ch. 21:7. De. 23:17. Ho. 4:12–14. 1 Co. 6:15.
30 keep. See on ver. 3; ch. 26:2. reverence. ch. 10:3; 15:31; 16:2. Ge. 28:16, 17. 2 Ch. 33:7; 36:14. Ps. 89:7. Ec. 5:1. Eze. 9:6. Mat. 21:13. Jno. 2:15, 16. 2 Co. 6:16. 1 Pe. 4:17.
31 ver. 26. ch. 20:6, 27. Ex. 22:18. De. 18:10–14. 1 Sa. 28:3, 7–9. 2 Ki. 17:17; 21:6. 1 Ch. 10:13. 2 Ch. 33:6. Is. 8:19.; 29:4; 47:13. Ac. 8:11; 13:6–8; 16:16–18; 19:19, 20. Ga. 5:20. Re. 21:8.
32 ver. 14. 1 Ki. 2:19. Job 32:4, 6. Pr. 16:31; 20:29. Is. 3:5. La. 5:12. Ro. 13:7. 1 Ti. 5:1. 1 Pe. 2:17.
33 And if. Ex. 22:21; 23:9. De. 10:18, 19; 24:14. Mal. 3:5. vex him. or, oppress him. Je. 7:6. Eze. 22:7, 29.
34 See on ver. 18. Ex. 12:48, 49. De. 10:19. Mat. 5:43.
35 no unrighteousness. See on ver. 15. in meteyard. De. 25:13, 15. Pr. 11:1; 16:11; 20:10. Eze. 22:12, 13. Am. 8:5, 6. Mi. 6:11. Mat. 7:2.
36 Just balances. Pr. 11:1. weights. Heb. stones. I am. See on Ex. 20:2.
37 See on ch. 18:4, 5. De. 4:1, 2, 5, 6; 5:1; 6:1, 2; 8:1. Ps. 119:4, 34. 1 Jno. 3:22, 23.


  CHAP. 20

  Of him that gives of his seed to Moloch, 1–3. Of him that favours such an one, 4, 5. Of going to wizards, 6. Of sanctification, 7, 8. Of him that curses his parents, 9. Of adultery, 10. Of incest, 11, 12. Of sodomy, 13, 14. Of bestiality, 15–17. Of uncleannes, 18–21. Obedience is required with holiness, 22–26. Wizards must be put to death, 27.

2 Whosoever. ch. 17:8, 13, 15. giveth. ch. 18:21. De. 12:31; 18:10. 2 Ki. 17:17; 23:10. 2 Ch. 28:3; 33:6. Ps. 106:38. Is. 57:5, 6. Je. 7:31; 32:35. Eze. 16:20, 21; 20:26, 31; 23:37, 39. Ac. 7:43. Moloch. Molech. The Rabbins describe this idol as made of brass, sitting upon a throne of the same metal, in the form of a man, with the head of a calf, adorned with a royal crown, and his arms extended as if to embrace any one. When they offered any children to him, they heated the statue by a great fire kindled within, and the victim was put into his arms, and thus consumed. Others relate, that the idol, which was hollow, was divided into seven compartments within; in one of which they put flour, in the second turtles, in the third a ewe, in the fourth a ram, in the fifth a calf, in the sixth an ox, and in the seventh a child; which were all burnt together by heating the statue inside. The account which DIODORUS (1. xx.) gives of the statue of Saturn, to which the Carthaginians, descendants of the Canannites, sacrificed their children, is very similar. For they had a brazen statue of Saturn, stretching out his hands towards the ground, in such a manner that the children placed within them tumbled down into a pit full of fire. To this account MILTON alludes, in Paradise Lost, 1:392. the people. ver. 27. ch. 24:14, 23. Nu. 15:35, 36. De. 13:10, 11; 17:5–7; 21:21. Ac. 7:58, 59.
3 I will set. ch. 17:10. 1 Pe. 3:12. to defile. Nu. 19:20. Eze. 5:11; 23:38, 39. profane. ch. 18:21. Eze. 20:39. 2 Co. 6:16.
4 hide. Ac. 17:30. and kill. De. 13:8; 17:2–5. Jos. 7:12. 1 Sa. 3:13, 14. 1 Ki. 20:42. Re. 2:14.
5 I will. ch. 17:10. against his. Ex. 20:5. Je. 32:28–35, 39. whoring. ch. 17:7. Ps. 106:39. Je. 3:2. Ho. 2:5, 13.
6 familiar. ver. 27; ch. 19:26, 31. De. 18:10–14. Is. 8:19. go. Ex. 34:15, 16. Nu. 15:39. Ps. 73:27. Eze. 6:9. Ho. 4:12. cut him. 1 Ch. 10:13, 14. In the days of Moses, superstition was almost the sensus communis of the human race, which then made severe punishment necessary: by means of the Christian dispensation such errors are now exploded; the cultivation of philosophy and natural history having harmonised and contributed their feebler share of light, so that we no longer have to deplore mischiefs occasioned by the silly curiosity of attempting to unfold future events.
7 ch. 11:44; 19:2. Ep. 1:4. Phi. 2:12, 13. Col. 3:12. 1 Th. 4:3, 7. He. 12:14. 1 Pe. 1:15, 16.
8 And ye. See on ch. 18:4, 5; 19:37. Mat. 5:19; 7:24; 12:50. Jno. 13:17. Ja. 1:22. Re. 22:14. sanctify. ch. 21:8. Ex. 31:13. Eze. 20:12; 37:28. 1 Co. 1:30. 1 Th. 5:23. 2 Th. 2:13.
9 curseth. The term yekallel signifies not only to curse, but to speak contemptuously, disrespectfully, or to make light of a person: so that all speeches which have a tendency to lessen our parents in the eyes of others, or to render their judgment, piety, etc., suspected or contemptible, is here included; though the act of cursing, or of treating the parent with injurious or opprobrious language, is what is particularly intended. He who couscientiously keeps the fifth commandment, can be in no danger of the judgment here denounced. Ex. 21:17. De. 27:16. Pr. 20:20; 30:11, 17. Mat. 15:4. Mar. 7:10. his blood. ver. 11–13, 16, 27. Jos. 2:19. Ju. 9:24. 2 Sa. 1:16. 1 Ki. 2:32. Mat. 27:25.
10 the adulterer. De. 22:22–24. 2 Sa. 12:13. Eze. 23:45–47. Jno. 8:4, 5.
11 ch. 18:8. De. 27:20, 23. Am. 2:7. 1 Co. 5:1. their. See on ver. 9.
12 lie. ch. 18:15. Ge. 38:16, 18. De. 27:23. confusion. ch. 18:23.
13 ch. 18:22. Ge. 19:5. De. 23:17. Ju. 19:22, Ro. 1:26, 27. 1 Co. 6:9. 1 Ti. 1:10. Jude 7.
14 a wife. ch. 18:17. De. 27:23. Am. 2:7. burnt. ch. 21:9. Jos. 7:15, 25.
15 ch. 18:23. Ex. 22:19. De. 27:21.
16 And if a woman. We are assured by HERODOTUS (in Euterp.) that the abominations here referred to existed among the Egyptians, and even formed part of their superstitious religious system; and we have reason to believe that they were not uncommon among the Canaanites. (See ch. 18:24, 25.) Need we wonder then, that God should have made laws of this nature, and appointed the punishment of death for these crimes? This one observation will account for many of those strange prohibitions which we find in the Mosiac law. and the beast. Ex. 19:13; 21:28, 32. He. 12:20.
17 ch. 18:9. Ge. 20:12. De. 27:22. 2 Sa. 13:12; Eze. 22:11.
18 having. ch. 15:24; 18:19. Eze. 18:6; 22:10. discovered. Heb. made naked.
19 mother’s. ch. 18:12, 13, etc. Ex. 6:20. uncovereth. ch. 18:6.
20 uncle’s wife. ch. 18:14. childless. Job 18:19. Ps. 109:13. Je. 22:30. Lu. 1:7, 25; 23:29.
21 his brother’s. ch. 18:16. Mat. 14:3, 4. an unclean thing. Heb. a separation.
22 statutes. ch. 18:4, 5, 26; 19:37. Ps. 19:8–11; 105:45; 119:80, 145, 171. Eze. 36:27. judgments. Ex. 21:1. De. 4:45; 5:1. Ps. 119:20, 106, 160, 164, 175. Is. 26:8, 9. spue you. ch. 18:25–28; 26:33. De. 28:25, 26.
23 in the manners. ch. 18:3, 24, 30. De. 12:30, 31. Je. 10:1, 2. therefore. ch. 18:27. De. 9:5. Ps. 78:59. Zec. 11:8.
24 But I. See on Ex. 3:8, 17; 6:8. a land. Milk and honey were the chief dainties of the ancients as they are now among the Arabs, particularly tho Bedouins. Hence not only the Hebrews, but also the Greeks and Romans, painted the highest pleasantness and fertility by an abundance of milk and honey. The image used in the text, and frequently by ancient authors on similar subjects, is a metaphor, derived from a breast, producing copious streams of milk. which. ver. 26. Ex. 19:5, 6; 33:16. Nu. 23:9. De. 7:6; 14:2. 1 Ki. 8:53. Jno. 15:19. 2 Co. 6:17. 1 Pe. 2:9.
25 put difference. ch. 11. De. 14:3–21. Ac. 10:11–15, 28. Ep. 5:7–11. abominable. ch. 11:43. creepeth. or, moveth.
26 the Lord. ver. 7; ch. 19:2. Ps. 99:5, 9. Is. 6:3; 30:11. 1 Pe. 1:15, 16. Re. 3:7; 4:8. severed. ver. 24. De. 7:6; 14:2; 26:18, 19. Tit. 2:14.
27 a familiar. ver. 6; ch. 19:31. Ex. 22:18. De. 18:10–12. 1 Sa. 28:7–9. their blood. See on ver. 9.


  CHAP. 21

  Of the priests’ mourning, 1–5. Of their holiness, 6. Of their marriages, 7. Of their estimation, 8. Of the priest’s daughter convicted of whoredom, 9. Of the high priest’s holiness, 10–12. Of his marriage, 13–15. The priests that have blemishes must not minister in the sanctuary, 16–24.

1 Speak. Ho. 5:1. Mal. 2:1, 4. There. ver. 11. ch. 10:6, 7. Nu. 19:14, 16. Eze. 44:25.
2 ch. 18:6. 1 Th. 4:13.
4 or. the verse may be read, being an husband among his people, he shall not defile himself for his wife, etc. Eze. 24:16, 17.
5 not make baldness. This custom is also called rounding the corners of the head, (ch. 19:27,) and seems to have been performed in honour of some idol. ch. 10:6; 19:27, 28. De. 14:1. Is. 15:2; 22:12. Je. 16:6; 48:37. Eze. 44:20. Am. 8:10. Mi. 1:16. the corner. The Hebrew peath zakon, may denote the whiskers; as the Syriac phatho signifies. These are by the Arabs, according to NIEBUHR, still cut either entirely off, or worn quite short; and hence they are called by Jeremiah, קצוצי פאה, those with cropped whiskers. Perhaps some superstition, of which we are ignorant, was connected with this; but whether or not, it was the object of Moses to keep the Israelites distinct from other nations.
6 holy. ver. 8; ch. 10:3. Ex. 28:36; 29:44. Ezr. 8:28. 1 Pe. 2:9. profane. ch. 18:21; 19:12. Mal. 1:6, 11, 12. bread. ch. 3:11. Eze. 44:7. Mal. 1:7. therefore. Is. 52:11.
7 that is a whore. ver. 8. Eze. 44:22. 1 Ti. 3:11. put away. De. 24:1–4. Is. 50:1.
8 sanctify. ver. 6. Ex. 19:10, 14; 28:41. 29:1, 43, 44. for I. ch. 11:44, 45; 19:2; 20:7, 8. Jno. 10:36; 17:19. He. 7:26; 10:29.
9 the daughter. 1 Sa. 2:17, 34; 3:13, 14. Eze. 9:6. Mal. 2:3. Mat. 11:20–24. 1 Ti. 3:4, 5. Tit. 1:6. she shall be burnt. ch. 20:14. Ge. 38:24. Jos. 7:15, 25. Is. 33:14.
10 upon. ch. 8:12; 10:7; 16:32. Ex. 29:29, 30. Nu. 35:25. Ps. 133:2. consecrated. ch. 8:7–9. Ex. 28:2–4. uncover. ch. 10:6, 7; 13:45. 2 Sa. 15:30. Es. 6:12. not rend. Ge. 37:34. Job 1:20. Mat. 26:65. All human corpses were considered as unclean. Whoever touched one was unclean for seven days, and was obliged on the third and seventh day to purify himself according to the Mosaic instructions. In the case of the priest it went still farther; insomuch, that even mourning for the dead by any external sign, such as tearing their clothes, defiled them. Hence such mournings were absolutely forbidden to be need in any case, and by the other priests also, except in the case of their very nearest relations, for whom they were allowed to mourn. This statute is founded on the importance of sustaining the decency and purity of Divine worship. The servants of the Deity were to keep themselves at a distance from every thing that in the least degree savoured of uncleanness.
11 his father. ver. 1, 2. Nu. 6:7; 19:14. De. 33:9. Mat. 8:21, 22; 12:46–50. Lu. 9:59, 60; 14:26. 2 Co. 5:16.
12 go out. ch. 10:7. for the crown. ch. 8:9–12, 30. Ex. 28:36; 29:6, 7. Is. 61:1. Ac. 10:38.
13 ver. 7. Eze. 44:22. 2 Co. 11:2. Re. 14:4.
15 profane. Ge. 18:19. Ezr. 2:62; 9:2. Ne. 13:23–29. Mal. 2:11, 15. Ro. 11:16. 1 Co. 7:14. for I the. ver. 8.
17 blemish. ch. 22:20–25. 1 Th. 2:10. 1 Ti. 3:2. He. 7:26. let him. ver. 21; ch. 10:3. Nu. 16:5. Ps. 65:4. bread. or, food. ch. 3:11, 16.
18 a blind man. Is. 56:10. Mat. 23:16, 17, 19. 1 Ti. 3:2, 3, 7. Tit. 1:7, 10. superfluous. ch. 22:23.
20 a dwarf. or, too slender. or hath. De. 23:1.
21 a blemish. In the above list of blemishes, we meet with some that might render the priest contemptible in the eyes of men; and others that would be very great impediments in the discharge of his ministerial duties. to offer. ver. 6, 8, 17.
22 both. ch. 2:3, 10; 6:16, 17, 29; 7:1; 24:8, 9. Nu. 18:9, 10. and of the holy. ch. 22:10–13. Nu. 18:10, 19.
23 go in. Ex. 30:6–8; 40:26, 27. Eze. 44:9–14. profane. ver. 12; ch. 15:31. for I the Lord. ver. 8.
24 Aaron. Mal. 2:1–7. Col. 4:17. 1 Ti. 1:18. 2 Ti. 2:2.


  CHAP. 22

  The priests in their uncleanness must abstain from the holy things, 1–5. How they shall be cleansed, 6–9. Who of the priest’s house may eat of the holy things, 10–16. The sacrifices must be without blemish, 17–25. The age of the sacrifice, 26–28. The law of eating the sacrifice of thanksgiving, 29–33.

2 ver. 3–6; ch. 15:31. Nu. 6:3–8. that they profane not. This is the very ground of the prohibition, that they might preserve in their minds a holy reverence for the Divine Majesty. Hence when they approached unto him, they must be free from every legal impurity. If great men are to be approached with respect, how much more must Jehovah be approached with holy reverence! ver. 32; ch. 18:21; 19:12; 20:3; 21:6. hallow. Ex. 13:12; 28:38. Nu. 18:32. De. 15:19.
3 having his uncleanness upon him. That is, in other words, ‘when he is unclean.’ ch. 7:20, 21. that soul. That is, according to some, thrust out of the priest’s office, or from officiating at the altar; or, according to others, cut off by some immediate stroke of divine justice, like Nadab and Abihu. from my. Ex. 33:14, 15. Ps. 16:11; 51:11. Mat. 25:41. 2 Th. 1:9.
4 the seed. These words include the daughters as well as the sons of Aaron. a leper. ch. 13:2, 3, 44–46. running issue. Heb. running of the reins. ch. 15:2, 3. holy things. ch. 2:3, 10; 6:25–29; 21:22. Nu. 18:9, 19. until. ch. 14:2, etc.; 15:13–15. unclean. ch. 21:1. Nu. 19:11–16. whose. ch. 15:16.
5 whosoever. ch. 11:24, 43, 44. or a man. ch. 15:7, 19.
6 ch. 11:24, 25; 15:5; 16:24–28. Nu. 19:7–10. Hag. 2:13. 1 Co. 6:11. Heb. 10:22.
7 ch. 21:22. Nu. 18:11–19. De. 18:3, 4. 1 Co. 9:4, 13, 14.
8 ch. 17:15. Ex. 22:31. De. 14:21. Eze. 44:31.
9 bear sin for it. That is, be punished if he break it. ch. 10:1, 2; 16:2. Ex. 28:43. Nu. 18:22, 32.
10 The word zar, a stranger, does not mean one of another nation, a foreigner, which is expressed by hechar, but one who is not of the seed of Aaron, or does not belong to his family. 1 Sa. 21:6. Mat. 12:4.
11 his money. Heb. the purchase of his money. Ge. 17:13. Nu. 18:11–13.
12 a stranger. Heb. a man, a stranger.
13 returned, unto her father’s house. A widow in Bengal not unfrequently returns to her father’s house on the death of her husband: the union between her and her own family is never so dissolved as among European nations. Ge. 38:11. as in her. ch. 10:14. Nu. 18:11–19.
14 ch. 5:15–19; 27:13, 15.
15 ver. 9; ch. 19:8. Nu. 18:32. Eze. 22:26.
16 suffer them to bear the iniquity of trespass. or, lade themselves with the iniquity of trespass in their eating. bear. ch. 7:18. Ps. 38:4. Is. 53:11, 12. 1 Pe. 2:24. for I. ver. 9; ch. 20:8.
18 Whatsoever. ch. 1:2, 10; 17:10, 13. of the strangers. Nu. 15:14–16. vows. ch. 7:16; 23:38. Nu. 15:3. De. 12:6. Ps. 22:25; 56:12; 61:5, 8; 65:1; 66:13; 116:14, 18. Ec. 5:4. Jon. 1:16; 2:9. Na. 1:15. Ac. 18:18. freewill. 15:3. De. 12:6, 17; 16:10.
19 ch. 1:3, 10; 4:32. Ex. 12:5. Mat. 27:4, 19, 24, 54. Lu. 23:14, 41, 47. Jno. 19:4. 2 Co. 5:21. Ep. 5:27. He. 9:14. 1 Pe. 1:19; 2:22–24; 3:18.
20 ver. 25. De. 15:21; 17:1. Mal. 1:8, 13, 14.
21 peace. ch. 3:1, 6; 7:11, etc. to accomplish. Ge. 28:20; 35:1–3. Nu. 15:3, 8. De. 23:21–23. Ps. 50:14. Pr. 7:14. Ec. 5:4, 5. sheep. or, goats. it shall be perfect. This law is so founded on the nature of the thing itself, that it has been in force among all nations that sacrificed victims to their deities.
22 Blind. ver. 20; ch. 21:18–21. Mal. 1:8. an offering. ch. 1:9, 13; 3:3, 5.
23 lamb. or, kid. superfluous. ch. 21:18.
24 broken, or cut. ver. 20. De. 23:1.
25 a stranger’s. Nu. 15:14–16; 16:40. Ezr. 6:8–10. the bread. ch. 21:6, 8, 21, 22. Mal. 1:7, 8, 12–14. because. Ep. 2:12. 1 Jno. 5:18.
27 seven days. It was necessary for the mother’s health that the young one should suck so long; and prior to this time, the process of nutrition in a young animal can scarcely be considered as completely formed. Besides this, it may justly be asserted, that the flesh of very young animals is comparatively innutritive. There is something brutish in eating the young of beast or fowl, before the hair and hoofs are perfect in the one, and the feathers and claws in the other; and before this period, their flesh is not good for food, consequently they were not fit for sacrifice, which is termed the bread or food of God, (ver. 25;) ch. 12:2, 3; 19:23, 24. Ex. 22:30.
28 ewe. or, she goat. ye shall not kill it. This law was certainly intended to inculcate mercy and tenderness of heart; and so the Jews have understood it. Ex. 23:19; 34:26. De. 14:21; 22:6, 7.
29 ch. 7:12–15. Ps. 107:22; 116:17. Ho. 14:2. Am. 4:5. He. 13:15. 1 Pe. 2:5.
30 ch. 7:15–18; 19:7. Ex. 16:19, 20.
31 See on ch. 18:4, 5; 19:37. Nu. 15:40. De. 4:40. 1 Th. 4:1, 2.
32 See on ver. 2; ch. 18:21. I will. ch. 10:3. Is. 5:16. Mat. 6:9. Lu. 11:2. hallow you. ver. 16; ch. 20:8; 21:8, 15. Ex. 19:5, 6. Jno. 17:17. 1 Co. 1:2.
33 ch. 11:45; 19:36; 25:38. Ex. 6:7; 20:2. Nu. 15:41.


  CHAP. 23

  The feasts of the Lord, 1, 2. The sabbath, 3. The passover, 4–8. The sheaf of first-fruits, 9–14. The feast of Pentecost, 15–21. Gleanings to be left for the poor, 22. The feast of trumpets, 23–25. The day of atonement, 26–32. The feast of tabernacles, 33–44.

2 the feasts. God appointed several festivals among the Jews. The Passover was celebrated on the 14th, or rather 15th day of the first month in the ecclesiastical year, which was the seventh of the civil year, and lasted seven days. The Pentecost was celebrated on the fiftieth day after the passover, in memory of the law’s being given to Moses on Mount Sinai, fifty days, or seven weeks after the departure out of Egypt. The word is derived from the Greek word Πεντηκοστη, which signifies the fiftieth. The Hebrews call it the feast of weeks, Ex. 34:22. The feast of trumpets, celebrated on the first day of the civil year, when a trumpet was sounded, to proclaim its commencement, which was in the month Tisri, answering to our September, Le. 23:24, 25. The new moons, or first days of every month, were, in some sort, a consequence of the feast of trumpets. God ordained that, by giving him the first-fruits of every month they should acknowledge him as the Lord of all their time, and own his providence, by which all times and seasons are ordered. The feast of expiation or atonement was kept on the 10th day of Tisri or September: the Hebrews call it Kippur, i.e. pardon, or expiation, because it was instituted for the expiation of all their sins. The feast of tents or tabernacles was so called, because the Israelites kept it under green tents or arbours, in memory of their dwelling in tents in their passage through the wilderness. It was celebrated on the 15th day of Tisri, and continued eight days: the first and last days were the most solemn. Besides the feasts mentioned by Moses, we find the feast of lots, or Purim, which was celebrated among the Jews of Shushan on the 14th of Adar, which answers to our February. The feast of the dedication of the temple, or rather, of the restoration of the temple, which had been profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes, which is thought to be the feast mentioned in the gospel, Jno. 10:22, was celebrated in the winter. Moâdim, properly means assemblies, convened at an appointed time and place. ver. 4, 37. Ex. 23:14–17. Is. 1:13, 14; 33:20. La. 1:4. Ho. 2:11. Na. 1:15. Jno. 5:1. Col. 2:1. proclaim. Ex. 32:5. Nu. 10:2, 3, 10. 2 Ki. 10:20. 2 Ch. 30:5. Ps. 81:3. Joel 1:14; 2:15. Jon. 3:5–9.
3 ch. 19:3. Ex. 16:23, 29; 20:8–11; 23:12; 31:15; 34:21; 35:2, 3. De. 5:13. Is. 56:2, 6; 58:13. Lu. 13:14; 23:56. Ac. 15:21. Re. 1:10.
4 ver. 2, 37. Ex. 23:14.
5 Ex. 12:2–14, 18; 13:3–10; 23:15. Nu. 9:2–7; 28:16. De. 16:1–8. Jos. 5:10. 2 Ch. 35:18, 19. Mat. 26:17. Mar. 14:12. Lu. 22:7. 1 Co. 5:7, 8.
6 Ex. 12:15, 16; 13:6, 7; 34:18. Nu. 28:17, 18. De. 16:8. Ac. 12:3, 4.
7 Nu. 28:18–25.
10 When. See on ch. 14:34. and shall. ch. 2:12–16. Ex. 22:29; 23:16, 19; 34:22, 26. Nu. 15:2, 18–21; 28:26. De. 16:9. Jos. 3:15. sheaf. or, handful. Heb. omer. the first-fruits. This offering was a public acknowledgment of the bounty and goodness of God for the kindly fruits of the earth. From the practice of the people of God, the heathen borrowed a similar one, founded on the same reason. Pr. 3:9, 10. Eze. 44:30. Ro. 11:16. 1 Co. 15:20–23. Ja. 1:18. Re. 14:4.
11 ch. 9:21; 10:14. Ex. 29:24.
12 ch. 1:10. He. 10:10–12. 1 Pe. 1:19.
13 the meat. ch. 2:14–16; 14:10. Nu. 15:3–12. the drink. Ex. 29:40, 41; 30:9. Nu. 28:10. Joel 1:9, 13; 2:14. the fourth. Ex. 30:24. Eze. 4:11; 45:24; 46:14.
14 eat. ch. 19:23–25; 25:2, 3. Ge. 4:4, 5. Jos. 5:11, 12. it shall be. ch. 3:17; 10:11. De. 16:12. Ne. 9:14. Ps. 19:8.
15 ver. 10, 11; ch. 25:8. Ex. 34:22. De. 16:9, 10.
16 Ac. 2:1.
17 two wave. Nu. 28:26. leaven. ch. 7:13. Mat. 13:33. the first-fruits, ver. 10. Ex. 22:29; 23:16, 19; 34:22, 26. Nu. 15:17, 19–21. De. 26:1, 2. Pr. 3:9, 10. Ro. 8:23. 1 Co. 15:20. Ja. 1:18. Re. 14:4.
18 seven lambs. ver. 12, 13. Nu. 28:27–31. Mal. 1:13, 14. with their. Nu. 15:4–12.
19 one kid. ch. 4:23–28; 16:15. Nu. 15:24; 28:30. Ro. 8:3. 2 Co. 5:21. two lambs. ch. 3; 7:11–18.
20 wave them. ver. 17; ch. 7:29, 30. Ex. 29:24. Lu. 2:14. Ep. 2:14. holy to. ch. 7:31–34; 8:29; 10:14, 15. Nu. 18:8–12. De. 18:4. 1 Co. 9:11.
21 proclaim. ver. 2, 4. Ex. 12:16. De. 16:11. Is. 11:10. a statute. ver. 14. Ge. 17:7. Ex. 12:17. Nu. 18:23.
22 ch. 19:9, 10. De. 16:11–14; 24:19–21. Ru. 2:3–7, 15, 16, etc. Job 31:16–21. Ps. 41:1–3; 112:9. Pr. 11:24, 25. Is. 58:7, 8, 10. Lu. 11:41. 2 Co. 9:5–12. To the institution of the feast of pentecost is annexed a repetition of that law, by which they were required to leave the gleanings of their fields, and the corn that grew on the ends of the butts, for the poor. It may come in here as a thing which the priests must take occasion to remind the people of, when they brought their first-fruits, intimating to them, that to obey even in this small matter was better than sacrifice; and that unless they were obedient, their offerings should not be accepted. It also taught them that the joy of harvest should express itself in charity to the poor, who must have their due out of what we have, as well as God his. They that are truly sensible of the mercy they receive from God, will without grudging shew mercy to the poor.
24 In the seventh. Nu. 10:10; 29:1–6. 1 Ch. 15:28. 2 Ch. 5:13. Ezr. 3:6. Ps. 81:1–4; 98:6. Is. 27:13. 1 Co. 15:52. 1 Th. 4:16. a memorial. Zichron terooâh, here rendered ‘a memorial of blowing the trumpets,’ properly signifies a memorial of triumph, or shouting for joy. This festival is generally called the feast of trumpets; and, though the Scriptures have not expressly declared the reason of its celebration, yet, as it fell in the seventh month of tho sacred year, which was the first of the civil year, that is, the month Tisri, answering to our September, the opinion very generally embraced by both Jews and Christians is, that it was a memorial of the creation of the world, at which ‘the sons of God shouted for joy,’ (Job 38:7;) and which is supposed, not altogether without reason, to have been at this season of the year. The month Tisri was not only anciently, but still is, reckoned by the Jews the first month of the year; and the feast of tabernacles, kept in this month, was said to be, as it is correctly rendered in the margin, ‘at the revolution of the year,’ (Ex. 34:22;) importing, that at this season the year had revolved, and was beginning anew. So that this feast was the new year’s day, on which the people rejoiced in a grateful remembrance of God’s benefits, and implored his blessing for the future year. ch. 25:9.
27 the tenth. ch. 16:29, 30; 25:9. Nu. 29:7–11. afflict. ch. 16:31. Nu. 29:7. Ezr. 8:21. Ps. 35:13. Is. 58:5. Da. 10:2, 3. Zec. 12:10. Ac. 2:37, 38. 2 Co. 7:10, 11. Ja. 4:9. offer. ch. 16:11, 15, 24.
28 ch. 16:34. Is. 53:10. Da. 9:24. Zec. 3:9. Ro. 5:10, 11. He. 9:12, 26; 10:10, 14. 1 Jno. 2:2; 4:10; 5:6.
29 that shall. See on ver. 27, 32. Is. 22:12. Je. 31:9. Eze. 7:16. he shall be. Ge. 17:14.
30 ch. 20:3, 5, 6. Ge. 17:14. Je. 15:7. Eze. 14:9. Zep. 2:5. 1 Co. 3:17.
32 a sabbath. See on ch. 16:31. Mat. 11:28–30. He. 4:3, 11. afflict. See on ver. 27. Ps. 35:13; 51:17; 69:10, 11; 126:5, 6. Is. 57:15, 18, 19; 58:3–7; 61:3. Mat. 5:4. 1 Co. 11:31. celebrate your sabbath. Heb. rest.
34 The fifteenth. Ex. 23:16; 34:22. Nu. 29:12. De. 16:13–15. Ezr. 3:4. Ne. 8:14. Zec. 14:16–19. Jno. 1:14; 7:2. He. 11:9, 13. the feast of tabernacles. This feast was celebrated in commemoration of the Israelites’ dwelling in tents in the wilderness for forty years; and was kept with greater hilarity than any of the other festivals. Hence, in the Talmud, it is often called chag, the feast, by way of excellence; and by PHILO εορτων μεγιστην, the greatest of the feasts; it was therefore more noticed by the heathen than any other. It is probable that Cecrops borrowed from it the law which he made in Athens, ‘that the master of every family should after harvest make a feast for his servants, and eat together with them who had taken pains with him in tilling his grounds.’
35 ver. 7, 8, 24, 25.
36 Seven. Nu. 29:12–38. the eighth. 2 Ch. 7:8–11. Ne. 8:18. Jno. 7:37. solemn. Heb. day of restraint. De. 16:8. Joel 1:14; 2:15, marg.
37 the feasts. See on ver. 2, 4. De. 16:16, 17. every thing. Ec. 3:1.
38 the sabbaths. See on ver. 3; ch. 19:3. Ge. 2:2, 3. Ex. 20:8–11. and beside. Nu. 29:39. De. 12:6. 1 Ch. 29:3–8. 2 Ch. 35:7, 8. Ezr. 2:68, 69.
39 when. See on ver. 34. Ex. 23:16. De. 16:18. on the first. See on ver. 24, 36.
40 the boughs. Heb. fruit. Ne. 8:15. Mat. 21:8. of palm trees. Ps. 92:12. Jno. 12:13. Re. 7:9. rejoice. De. 16:14, 15. Is. 35:10; 66:10. Jno. 16:22. Ro. 5:11. Phi. 3:3; 4:4. 1 Pe. 1:8.
41 Nu. 29:12. Ne. 8:18.
42 Ge. 33:17. Nu. 24:2, 5. Ne. 8:14–17. Je. 35:10. 2 Co. 5:1. He. 11:13–16.
43 Ex. 13:14. De. 31:10–13. Ps. 78:5, 6.
44 ver. 1, 2; ch. 21:24. Mat. 18:20.


  CHAP. 24

  The oil for the lamps, 1–4. The shew-bread, 5–9. Shelomith’s son blasphemeth, 10–12. The law of blasphemy, 13–16. Of murder, 17. Of damage, 18–22. The blasphemer is stoned, 23.

2 that they. Ex. 27:20, 21; 39:37; 40:24, 25. Nu. 8:2–4. 1 Sa. 3:3, 4. the lamps. 2 Ch. 13:11. Ps. 119:105, 130. Pr. 6:23. Is. 8:20; 11:2. Mat. 4:16; 5:16; 25:1–8. Lu. 1:79; 12:35. Jno. 1:4, 9; 5:35; 8:12. Ac. 26:18. 2 Co. 4:6. Ep. 1:17, 18; 5:8–14. Phi. 2:15, 16. burn continually. Heb. ascend.
4 the pure. Ex. 25:31–39; 31:8; 37:17–24; 39:37. Nu. 3:31; 4:9. 1 Ki. 7:49. 1 Ch. 28:15. Je. 52:19. Zec. 4:2, 3, 11–14. He. 9:2. Re. 1:20; 2:1, 5; 11:4.
5 The loaves of bread which the officiating priest placed every sabbath day upon the golden table in the Sanctum, before the Lord, were twelve in number, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. The loaves must have been large, since two tenth deals (about six pints) of flour were used for each, Le. 24:3, 6, 7. They were served up hot on the sabbath day in the Sanctum, when the stale ones, which had been exposed the whole week, were taken away, and none but the priests were allowed to eat them. In an extraordinary extremity, David and his men partook of the shew-bread, (see 1 Sa. 21:6,) the urgent necessity alone justifying the act. The Hebrew signifies bread of faces, or, of the face. See Ex. 25:30; 40:23. 1 Ki. 18:31. 1 Sa. 21:4, 5. Mat. 12:4. Ac. 26:7. Ja. 1:1.
6 in two rows. 1 Co. 14:40. pure. Ex. 25:23, 24. 37:10–16; 39:36; 40:22, 28. 1 Ki. 7:48. 2 Ch. 4:19; 13:11. He. 9:2.
7 pure. ch. 2:2. Ep. 1:6. He. 7:25. Re. 8:3, 4. the bread. Jno. 6:35, 51. a memorial. Ge. 9:16. Ex. 12:14; 13:9; 17:14. Ac. 10:4, 31. 1 Co. 11:23–25.
8 Nu. 4:7. 1 Ch. 9:32; 23:29. 2 Ch. 2:4. Ne. 10:33. Mat. 12:3–5.
9 Aaron’s. ch. 8:31. 1 Sa. 21:6. Mal. 1:12. Mat. 12:4. Mar. 2:26. Lu. 6:4. they shall. ch. 6:16; 8:3, 31; 10:17; 21:22. Ex. 29:32, 33.
10 Ex. 12:38. Nu. 11:4.
11 blasphemed. ver. 15, 16. Ex. 20:7. 2 Sa. 12:14. 1 Ki. 21:10, 13. 2 Ki. 18:30, 35, 37; 19:1–3, 6, 10, 22. 2 Ch. 32:14–17. Ps. 74:18, 22. Mat. 26:65. Ac. 6:11–13. Ro. 2:24. 1 Ti. 1:13. Re. 16:11, 21. the name. HOUBIGANT and others think that the name which this man blasphemed was the name of the god of his native land. But that hashshem, THE NAME, denotes Jehovah, appears from its being used in the latter part of verse 16, as equivalent to ‘the name of Jehovah,’ in the former part. The Jews also frequently use hashshem for Jehovah, cursed. Job 1:5, 11, 22; 2:5, 9, 10. Is. 8:21. brought him. Ex. 18:22, 26. Nu. 15:33–35.
12 that the mind, of the Lord might be shewed them. Heb. to expound unto them according to the mouth of the Lord. Ex. 18:15, 16, 23 Nu. 27:5; 36:5, 6.
14 without. ch. 13:46. Nu. 5:2–4; 15:35. all that. De. 13:9; 17:7. let all the. ch. 20:2, 27. Nu. 15:35, 36. De. 13:10; 21:21; 22:21. Jos. 7:25. Jno. 8:59; 10:31–33. Ac. 7:58, 59.
15 bear his sin. ch. 5:1; 20:16, 17. Nu. 9:13.
16 blasphemeth. As the word nakav not only signifies to curse, or blaspheme, but also to express, or distinguish by name, (Nu. 1:17. 1 Ch. 12:31. Is. 62:2,) hence the Jews, at a very early period, understood this law as prohibiting them from uttering the name JEHOVAH, on any other than sacred occasions. The Septuagint, which was made at least 250 years before Christ, renders it Ονομαζων δε το ονομα Κυριου, θανατω θανατουσθω, ‘Whosoever nameth the name of the Lord, let him die;’ from which we see that the Jews at this time were accustomed to pronounce adonay, or LORD, instead of JEHOVAH; for in place of it the Septuagint always put ο Κυριος, Ex. 20:7. 1 Ki. 21:10–13. Ps. 74:10, 18; 139:20. Mat. 12:31. Mar. 3:28, 29. Jno. 8:58, 59; 10:33–36. Ac. 26:11. 1 Ti. 1:13. Ja. 2:7.
17 And he. Ge. 9:5, 6. Ex. 21:12–14. Nu. 35:31. De. 19:11, 12. killeth any man. Heb. smiteth the life of a man.
18 that killeth. ver. 21. Ex. 21:34–36. beast for beast. Heb. life for life.
19 De. 19:21. Mat. 5:38; 7:2.
20 Ex. 21:23–25. De. 19:21. Mat. 5:38.
21 a beast. ver. 18. Ex. 21:33. a man. ver. 17.
22 ch. 17:10; 19:34. Ex. 12:49. Nu. 9:14; 15:15, 16, 29.
23 See on ver. 14–16. Nu. 15:35, 36. He. 2:2, 3; 10:28, 29.


  CHAP. 25

  The sabbath of the seventh year, 1–7. The jubilee in the fiftieth, year, 8–13. Of oppression, 14–17. A blessing of obedience, 18–22. The redemption of land, 23–28. Of houses, 29–34. Compassion to the poor, 35–38. The usage of bondmen, 39–46. The redemption of servants, 47–55.

1 Ex. 19:1. Nu. 1:1; 10:11, 12. Ga. 4:24, 25.
2 When ye. See on ch. 14:34. De. 32:8, 49; 34:4. Ps. 24:1, 2; 115:16. Is. 8:8. Je. 27:5. keep. Heb. rest. ch. 23:32, marg. a sabbath, ch. 26:34, 35. Ex. 23:10. 2 Ch. 36:21.
4 ver. 20–23; ch. 26:34, 35, 43. Ex. 23:10, 11. 2 Ch. 36:21.
5 groweth. 2 Ki. 19:29. Is. 37:30. thy vine undressed. Heb. the separation.
6 Ex. 23:11. Ac. 2:44; 4:32, 34, 35.
8 ch. 23:15. Ge. 2:2.
9 of the jubilee to sound. Heb. loud of sound. Nu. 10:10. Ps. 89:15. Ac. 13:38, 39. Ro. 10:18; 15:19. 2 Co. 5:19–21. 1 Th. 1:8. jubilee, ver. 10–12; ch. 27:17, 24. Nu. 36:4. the day. ch. 16:20, 30; 23:24, 27.
10 proclaim. Ex. 20:2. Ezr. 1:3. Ps. 146:7. Is. 49:9, 24, 25; 61:1–3; 63:4. Je. 34:8, 13–17. Zec. 9:11, 12. Lu. 1:74; 4:16–21. Jno. 8:32–36. Ro. 6:17, 18; 8:21. 2 Co. 3:17. Ga. 4:25–31; 5:1, 13. 1 Pe. 2:16. 2 Pe. 2:19, 20. every man. ver. 13, 26–28, 33, 34; ch. 27:17–24. ye shall return. Nu. 36:2–9.
11 A jubilee. Respecting the literal meaning of the word יובל, yobel, or yovel, critics are not agreed. The most natural derivation of the word seems to be from הוביל, hovil, the Hiphil form of יבל, yaval, to recall, restore, or bring back, because this year restored all slaves to their liberty, and brought back all alienated estates to their primitive owners. Accordingly the LXX. render it here αφεσις, a remission; and JOSEPHUS says it signifies ελευθεριαν, liberty, ch. 27:17. ye shall, ver. 5–7.
12 ver. 6, 7.
13 ver. 10; ch. 27:17–24. Nu. 36:4.
14 ver. 17; ch. 19:13. De. 16:19, 20. Ju. 4:3. 1 Sa. 12:3, 4. 2 Ch. 16:10. Ne. 9:36, 37. Job 20:19, 20. Ps. 10:18. Pr. 14:31; 21:13; 22:16; 28:3, 8, 16. Ec. 5:8. Is. 1:17; 3:12–15; 5:7; 33:15; 58:6. Je. 22:17. Eze. 22:7, 12, 13. Am. 5:11, 12; 8:4–7. Mi. 2:2, 3; 6:10–12; 7:3. Lu. 3:14. 1 Co. 6:8. Ja. 5:1–5.
15 ch. 27:18–23. Phi. 4:5.
17 shall not. ver. 14. fear. ver. 43; ch. 19:14, 32. Ge. 20:11; 22:12; 39:9; 42:18. Ex. 20:20. De. 25:18. 1 Sa. 12:24. 2 Ch. 19:7. Ne. 5:9, 15. Ps. 19:9. Pr. 1:7. Je. 22:16. Mal. 3:5. Lu. 12:5. Ac. 9:31; 10:2, 35. Ro. 3:18; 11:20.
18 Wherefore. ch. 19:37. Ps. 103:18. and ye. ch. 26:3–12. De. 12:10; 28:1–14; 33:12, 28. Ps. 4:8. Pr. 1:33. Je. 7:3–7; 23:6; 25:5; 33:16. Eze. 33:24–26, 29; 34:25–28; 36:24–28.
19 ch. 26:5. Ps. 67:6; 85:12. Is. 30:23; 65:21, 22. Eze. 34:25–28; 36:30. Joel 2:24, 26.
20 Nu. 11:4, 13. 2 Ki. 6:15–17; 7:2. 2 Ch. 25:9. Ps. 78:19, 20. Is. 1:2. Mat. 6:25–34; 8:26. Lu. 12:29. Phi. 4:6. He. 13:5, 6.
21 I will. As it is here graciously promised, that the sixth year was to bring forth fruits for three years, not merely for two, it is evident that both the sabbatical year and the year of jubilee were distinctly provided for. They were not to sow from the sixth to the eighth year, omitting two seed times; nor reap from the sixth to the ninth, omitting two harvests. No legislator, unless conscious of being divinely commissioned, would have committed himself by enacting such a law as this; nor would any people have submitted to receive it, except in consequence of the fullest conviction that a divine authority had dictated it. It therefore stands as a proof that Moses acted by the express direction of the Almighty, and that the people were fully persuaded of the reality of Ms divine mission by the miracles he wrought. Ge. 26:12; 41:47. Ex. 16:29. De. 28:3, 8. Ps. 133:3. Pr. 10:22. 2 Co. 9:10. three years. ver. 4, 8–11.
22 eighth. 2 Ki. 19:29. Is. 37:30. old fruit. Jos. 5:11, 12.
23 The land. See on ver. 10. 1 Ki. 21:3. Eze. 48:14. for ever. or, to be quite cut off. Heb. for cutting off. for the land. De. 32:43. 2 Ch. 7:20. Ps. 24:1; 85:1. Is. 8:8. Ho. 9:3. Joel 2:18; 3:2. for ye are. Ge. 47:9. 1 Ch. 29:15. Ps. 39:12; 119:19. He. 11:9–13. 1 Pe. 2:11.
24 redemption. ver. 27, 31, 51–53. Ro. 8:23. 1 Co. 1:30. Ep. 1:5, 14; 4:30.
25 Ru. 2:20; 3:2, 9, 12; 4:4–6. Je. 32:7, 8. 2 Co. 8:9. He. 2:13, 14. Re. 5:9.
26 himself be able to redeem it. Heb. his hand hath attained, and found sufficiency, ch. 5:7, marg.
27 ver. 50–53.
28 and in the. ver. 13. he shall. See on Is. 35:9, 10. Je. 32:15. 1 Co. 15:52–54. 1 Th. 4:13–18. 1 Pe. 1:4, 5.
29 A very proper difference is here made between houses in a city and houses in the country. The former might be redeemed any time in the course of a year; but after that time could not be redeemed, or go out with the jubilee: the latter might be redeemed at any time; and if not redeemed must go out with the jubilee. The reason in both cases is sufficiently evident; the house in the city might be built merely for purposes of trade or traffic—the house in the country was builded on, or attached to, the inheritance which God had divided to the respective families. It was therefore necessary that the same law should apply to the house as to the inheritance; which necessity did not exist with regard to the house in the city. And, as the house in the city might be purchased for the purpose of trade, it would be very inconvenient for the purchaser, when his business was established, to be obliged to remove.
31 they may be redeemed. Heb. redemption belongeth unto it. Ps. 49:7, 8.
32 the cities. As the Levites had no inheritance in Israel, but only cities to dwell in; and consequently the houses in these cities were all they could call their own, therefore they could not be ultimately alienated. Nu. 35:2–8. Jos. ch. 21.
33 a man purchase of the Levites. or, one of the Levites redeem them. shall go. ver. 28. for the houses. Nu. 18:20–24. De. 18:1, 2.
34 ver. 23. Ac. 4:36, 37.
35 thy brother. ver. 25. De. 15:7, 8. Pr. 14:20, 21; 17:5; 19:17. Mar. 14:7. Jno. 12:8. 2 Co. 8:9. Ja. 2:5, 6. fallen in decay. Heb. his hand faileth. then. Ps. 37:26; 41:1; 112:5, 9. Pr. 14:31. Lu. 6:35. Ac. 11:29. Ro. 12:13, 18, 20. 2 Co. 9:1, 12–15. Ga. 2:10. 1 Jno. 3:17. relieve. Heb. strengthen. a stranger. ch. 19:34. Ex. 23:9. De. 10:18, 19. Mat. 25:35. He. 13:2.
36 usury. Ex. 22:25. De. 23:19, 20. Ne. 5:7–10. Ps. 15:5. Pr. 28:8. Eze. 18:8, 13, 17; 22:12. fear. ver. 17. Ne. 5:9, 15.
38 which. Ex. 20:2. and to be. ch. 11:45; 22:32, 33. Nu. 15:41. Je. 31:1, 33; 32:38. He. 11:16.
39 be sold. Ex. 21:2; 22:3. De. 15:12. 1 Ki. 9:22. 2 Ki. 4:1. Ne. 5:5. Je. 34:14. compel him to serve as. Heb. serve thyself with him with the service of, etc. ver. 46, marg. Ex. 1:14. Je. 25:14; 27:7; 30:8.
40 Ex. 21:2, 3.
41 then shall. Ex. 21:3. Jno. 8:32. Ro. 6:14. Tit. 2:14. shall return. See on ver. 10, 28.
42 my servants. ver. 55. Ro. 6:22. 1 Co. 7:21–23. as bondmen. Heb. with the sale of a bondman.
43 rule. ver. 46, 53. Ex. 1:13, 14; 2:23; 3:7, 9; 5:14. Is. 47:6; 58:3. Ep. 6:9. Col. 4:1. but shalt. See on ver. 17. Ex. 1:17, 21. De. 25:18. Mal. 3:5.
44 Ex. 12:44. Ps. 2:8, 9. Is. 14:1, 2. Re. 2:26, 27.
45 Is. 56:3–6.
46 And ye shall. Is. 14:2. they shall be your bondmen for ever. Heb. ye shall serve yonrselves with them. See on ver. 39. ye shall not rule. ver. 43.
47 sojourner or stranger wax rich. Heb. the hand of a stranger, etc. obtain, etc. ver. 26. 1 Sa. 2:7, 8. Ja. 2:5.
48 See on ver. 25, 35. Ne. 5:5, 8. Ga. 4:4, 5. He. 2:11–13.
49 or if he be. See on ver. 26.
50 reckon. ver. 27. price of his sale. This was a very equitable law, both to the sojourner to whom the man was sold, and to the Israelite who had been sold. The Israelite might redeem himself, or one of his kindred might rodeem him; but this must not be done to the prejudice of his master. They were therefore to reckon the years he must have served, from that time till the jubilee; and then taking the current wages of a servant, per year, at that time, multiply the remaining years by that sum, and the aggregate was to be given to his master for his redemption. The Jews hold that the kindred of such a person were bound, if in their power, to redeem him, lest he should be swallowed up among the heathen; and we find (Ne. 5:8) that this was done by the Jews on their return from the Babylonish captivity. according to the time. ver. 40, 53. De. 15:18. Job 7:1, 2; 14:6. Is. 16:14; 21:16.
52 jubilee. Tho jubilee was a wonderful institution, and of great service to the religion, freedom, and independence of the Hebrews. It was calculated to prevent the rich from oppressing the poor, and reducing them to perpetual slavery; and to hinder their obtaining possession of all the lands by purchase, mortgage, or usurpation. It was further intended, that debts should not be multiplied too much, lest the poor should be entirely ruined; that slaves should not always continue in servitude; that personal liberty, equality of property, and the regular order of families might, as much as possible, be preserved; and that the people might thus be strongly attached to their country, lands, and inheritances.
53 See on ver. 43.
54 in these years, or, by these means. then. ver. 40, 41. Ex. 21:2, 3. Is. 49:9, 25; 52:3.
55 my servants. ver. 42. Ex. 13:3; 20:2. Ps. 116:16. Is. 43:3. Lu. 1:74, 75. Ro. 6:14, 17, 18, 22. 1 Co. 7:22, 23; 9:19, 21. Ga. 5:13.


  CHAP. 26

  Of idolatry, 1. Religiousness, 2. A blessing to them that keep the commandments, 3–13. A curse to those that break them, 14–39. God promises to remember them that repent, 40–46.

1 Ye shall, ch. 19:4. Ex. 20:4, 5, 23; 23:24; 34:17. De. 4:16–19; 5:8, 9; 16:21, 22; 27:15. Ps. 97:7; 115:4–8. Is. 2:20; 44:9–20; 48:5–8. Je. 10:3–8. Ac. 17:29. Ro. 2:22, 23. 1 Co. 10:19, 20. Re. 13:14, 15; 22:15. standing image. or, pillar. image of stone. or, figured stone. Heb. a stone of picture.
2 See on ch. 19:30.
3 ch. 18:4, 5. De. 11:13–15; 28:1–14. Jos. 23:14, 15. Ju. 2:1, 2. Ps. 81:12–16. Is. 1:19; 48:18, 19. Mat. 7:24, 25. Ro. 2:7–10. Re. 22:14.
4 Then I. De. 28:12. 1 Ki. 17:1. Job 5:10; 37:11–13; 38:25–28. Ps. 65:9–13; 68:9; 104:13. Is. 5:6; 30:23. Je. 14:22. Eze. 34:26, 27. Joel 2:23, 24. Am. 4:7, 8. Mat. 5:45. Ac. 14:17. Ja. 5:7, 17, 18. Re. 11:6. the land. ch. 25:21. Ps. 67:6; 85:12. Eze. 34:27; 36:30. Hag. 2:18, 19. Zec. 8:12.
5 threshing. Am. 9:13. Mat. 9:37, 38. Jno. 4:35, 36. eat your. ch. 25:19. Ex. 16:8. De. 11:15. Joel 2:19, 26. Ac. 14:17. 1 Ti. 6:17. dwell. ch. 25:18. Job 11:18, 19. Ps. 46:1–7; 90:1; 91:1–14. Pr. 1:33; 18:10. Je. 23:6. Eze. 34:25–28. Mat. 23:37. 1 Pe. 1:5.
6 I will, 1 Ch. 22:9. Ps. 29:11; 147:14. Is. 9:7; 45:7. Je. 30:10. Ho. 2:18. Mi. 4:4. Hag. 2:9. Zec. 9:10. Jno. 14:27. Ro. 5:1. Phi. 4:7–9. ye shall. Job 11:19. Ps. 3:5; 4:8; 127:1, 2. Pr. 3:24; 6:22. Is. 35:9. Je. 30:10; 31:26. Eze. 34:25. Zep. 3:13. Ac. 12:6. rid. Heb. cause to cease. Ex. 23:29. 2 Ki. 2:24; 17:25, 26. Job 5:23. Is. 35:9. Eze. 5:17; 14:15, 21. shall the sword. Eze. 14:17.
8 Nu. 14:9. De. 28:7; 32:30. Jos. 23:10. Ju. 7:19–21. 1 Sa. 14:6–16; 17:45–52. 1 Ch. 11:11, 20. Ps. 81:14, 15.
9 for I. Ex. 2:25. 2 Ki. 13:23. Ne. 2:20. Ps. 89:3; 138:6, 7. Je. 33:3. He. 8:9. make you. Ge. 17:6, 7, 20; 26:4; 28:3, 14. Ex. 1:7. De. 28:4, 11. Ne. 9:23. Ps. 107:38. establish. Ge. 6:18; 17:7. Ex. 6:4. Is. 55:3. Eze. 16:62. Lu. 1:72.
10 ch. 25:22. Jos. 5:11. 2 Ki. 19:29. Lu. 12:17.
11 I will. Ex. 25:8; 29:45. Jos. 22:19. 1 Ki. 8:13, 27. Ps. 76:2; 78:68, 69; 132:13, 14. Eze. 37:26–28. Ep. 2:22. Re. 21:3. abhor. ch. 20:23. De. 32:19. Ps. 78:59; 106:40. Je. 14:21. La. 2:7. Zec. 11:8.
12 I will. Ge. 3:8; 5:22, 24; 6:9. De. 23:14. 2 Co. 6:16. Re. 2:1. will be. Ge. 17:7. Ex. 3:6; 6:7; 19:5, 6. Ps. 50:7; 68:18–20. Is. 12:2; 41:10. Je. 7:23; 11:4; 30:22; 31:33; 32:38. Eze. 11:20; 36:38. Joel 2:27. Zec. 13:9. Mat. 22:32. He. 11:16. Re. 21:7.
13 I am. ch. 25:38, 42, 55. See on Ex. 20:2. Ps. 81:6–10. 1 Co. 6:19, 20. and I have. Ps. 116:16. Is. 51:23. Je. 2:20. Eze. 34:27.
14 ver. 18. De. 28:15–68. Je. 17:27. La. 1:18; 2:17. Mal. 2:2. Ac. 3:23. He. 12:25.
15 despise. ver. 43. Nu. 15:31. 2 Sa. 12:9, 10. 2 Ki. 17:15. 2 Ch. 36:16. Pr. 1:7, 30. Je. 6:19. Zec. 7:11–13. Ac. 13:41. 1 Th. 4:8. soul. Ps. 50:17. Pr. 5:12. Ro. 8:7. break. Ge. 17:14. Ex. 19:5; 24:7. De. 31:16. Is. 24:5. Je. 11:10; 31:32. Eze. 16:59. He. 8:9.
16 appoint. Ps. 109:6. over you. Heb. upon you. terror. De. 28:65–67; 32:25. Job 15:20, 21; 18:11; 20:25. Ps. 73:19. Is. 7:2. Je. 15:8; 20:4. He. 10:31. consumption. Ex. 15:26. De. 28:21, 22, 35. consume. De. 28:32, 34, 67. 1 Sa. 2:33. Ps. 78:33. Eze. 33:10. Zec. 14:12. and ye shall. De. 28:33, 51. Ju. 6:3–6, 11. Job 31:8. Is. 65:22–24. Je. 5:17; 12:13. Mi. 6:15. Hag. 1:6. for your. Is. 10:4.
17 set. See on ch. 17:10; 20:5, 6. Ps. 68:1, 2. ye shall be. De. 28:25. Ju. 2:14. 1 Sa. 4:10; 31:1. Ne. 9:27–30. Ps. 106:41, 42. Je. 19:7. La. 1:5. shall flee. ver. 36. Ps. 53:5. Pr. 28:1.
18 seven times. ver. 21, 24, 28. 1 Sa. 2:5. Ps. 119:164. Pr. 24:16. Da. 3:19.
19 will break. 1 Sa. 4:3, 11. Is. 2:12; 25:11; 26:5. Je. 13:9. Eze. 7:24; 30:6. Da. 4:37. Zep. 3:11. make. De. 28:23. 1 Ki. 17:1. Je. 14:1–6. Lu. 4:25.
20 your strength. Ps. 127:1. la. 49:4. Hab. 2:13. Ga. 4:11. for your land. See on ver. 4. De. 11:17; 28:18, 38–40, 42. Job 31:40. Ps. 107:34. Hag. 1:9–11; 2:16. 1 Co. 3:6.
21 contrary unto me. or, at all adventures with me: and so ver. 24.
22 wild. ver. 6. De. 32:24. 2 Ki. 17:25. Je. 15:3. Eze. 5:17; 14:15, 21. rob you. 2 Ki. 2:24. your high. Ju. 5:6. 2 Ch. 15:5. Is. 24:6; 33:8. La. 1:4. Eze. 14:15; 33:28. Mi. 3:12. Zec. 7:14.
23 Is. 1:16–20. Je. 2:30; 5:3. Eze. 24:13, 14. Am. 4:6–12.
24 2 Sa. 22:27. Job 9:4. Ps. 18:26. Is. 63:10.
25 will bring. De. 32:25, 41. Ju. 2:14–16. Ps. 78:62–64. Is. 34:5, 6. Je. 9:16; 14:12, 13; 15:2–4. La. 2:21. Eze. 5:17; 6:3; 14:17; 21:4–17; 29:8; 33:2. avenge. De. 32:35. Ps. 94:1. Eze. 20:37. He. 10:28–30. I will send. Nu. 14:12; 16:49. De. 28:21. 2 Sa. 24:15. Je. 14:12; 24:10; 29:17, 18. Am. 4:10. Lu. 21:11.
26 Ps. 105:16. Is. 3:1; 9:20. Je. 14:12. La. 4:3–9. Eze. 4:10, 16; 5:16; 14:13. Ho. 4:10. Mi. 6:14. Hag. 1:6.
27 ver. 21, 24.
28 in fury. Is. 27:4; 59:18; 63:3; 66:15. Je. 21:5. Eze. 5:13, 15; 8:18. Na. 1:2, 6.
29 This was literally fulfilled at the siege of Jerusalem. JOSEPHUS gives a dreadful detail respecting a woman named Mary, who, in the extremity of the famine, during the siege, killed her sucking child, roasted, and had eaten part of it, when discovered by the soldiers! De. 28:53–57. 2 Ki. 6:28, 29. Je. 19:9. La. 2:20; 4:10. Eze. 5:10. Mat. 24:19. Lu. 23:29.
30 I will destroy. 1 Ki. 13:2. 2 Ki. 23:8, 16, 20. 2 Ch. 14:3–5; 23:17; 31:1; 34:3–7. Is. 27:9. Je. 8:1–3. Eze. 6:3–6, 13. my soul. See on ver. 11, 15. ch. 20:23. Ps. 78:58, 59; 89:38. Je. 14:19.
31 And I will make. 2 Ki. 25:4–10. 2 Ch. 36:19. Ne. 2:3, 17. Is. 1:7; 24:10–12. Je. 4:7; 9:11. La. 1:1; 2:7. Eze. 6:6; 21:15. Mi. 3:12. and bring. Ps. 74:3–8. Je. 22:5; 26:6, 9; 52:13. La. 1:10. Eze. 9:6; 21:7; 24:21. Mat. 24:1, 2. Lu. 21:5, 6, 24. Ac. 6:14. I will not smell. See on Ge. 8:21. Is. 1:11–14; 66:3. Am. 5:21–23. He. 10:26.
32 And I. De. 29:23. Is. 1:7, 8; 5:6, 9; 6:11; 24:1; 32:13, 14; 64:10. Je. 9:11; 25:11, 18, 38; 44:2, 22. La. 5:18. Eze. 33:28, 29. Da. 9:2, 18. Hab. 3:17. Lu. 21:20. and your.De. 28:37; 29:24–28. 1 Ki. 9:8. Je. 18:16; 19:8. La. 4:12. Eze. 5:15.
33 De. 4:27; 28:64–66. Ps. 44:11. Je. 9:16. La. 1:3; 4:15. Eze. 12:14–16; 20:23; 22:15. Zec. 7:14. Lu. 21:24. Ja. 1:1.
34 This was fulfilled during the Babylonish captivity: for, from Saul to the captivity are about 490 years, during which period there were 70 sabbaths of years neglected by the Hebrews. Now the Babylonish captivity lasted 70 years, and during that time the land of Israel rested. ch. 25:2–4, 10. 2 Ch. 36:21.
35 Is. 24:5, 6. Ro. 8:22.
36 I will send. Ge. 35:5. De. 28:65–67. Jos. 2:9–11; 5:1. 1 Sa. 17:24. 2 Ki. 7:6, 7. 2 Ch. 14:14. Job 15:21, 22. Is. 7:2, 4. Eze. 21:7, 12, 15. and the. ver. 7, 8, 17. De. 1:44. Job 15:21. Pr. 28:1. Is. 30:17. shaken. Heb. driven.
37 they shall. Ju. 7:22. 1 Sa. 14:15, 16. Is. 10:4. Je. 37:10. and ye shall. Nu. 14:42. Jos. 7:12, 13. Ju. 2:14.
38 De. 4:27; 28:48, 68. Is. 27:13. Je. 42:17, 18, 22; 44:12–14, 27, 28.
39 shall pine. De. 28:65; 30:1. Ne. 1:9. Ps. 32:3, 4. Je. 3:25; 29:12, 13. La. 4:9. Eze. 4:17; 6:9; 20:43; 24:23; 33:10; 36:31. Ho. 5:15. Zec. 10:9. and also. Ex. 20:5; 34:7. Nu. 14:18. Da. 5:9. Je. 31:29. Eze. 18:2, 3, 19. Mat. 23:35, 36. Ro. 11:8–10.
40 confess. Nu. 5:7. De. 4:29–31; 30:1–3. Jos. 7:19. 1 Ki. 8:33–36, 47. Ne. 9:2, etc. Job 33:27, 28. Ps. 32:5. Pr. 28:13. Je. 31:18–20. Eze. 36:31. Da. 9:3–20. Ho. 5:15; 6:1, 2. Lu. 15:18, 19. 1 Jno. 1:8–10. and that. ver. 21, 24, 27, 28.
41 their uncircumcised. De. 30:6. Je. 4:4; 6:10; 9:25, 26. Eze. 44:7. Ac. 7:51. Ro. 2:28, 29. Ga. 5:6. Phi. 3:3. Col. 2:11. humbled. Ex. 10:3. 1 Ki. 21:29. 2 Ch. 12:6, 7, 12; 32:26; 23:12, 13, 19, 20. Eze. 6:9; 20:43. Mat. 23:12. Lu. 14:11; 18:14. Ja. 4:6–9. 1 Pe. 5:5, 6. and they. Ezr. 9:13, 15. Ne. 9:33. Ps. 39:9; 51:3, 4. Da. 9:7–14, 18, 19.
42 will I. Ge. 9:16. Ex. 2:24; 6:5. De. 4:31. Ps. 106:45. Eze. 16:60. Lu. 1:72. and I will. Ps. 85:1, 2; 136:23. Eze. 36:1–15, 33, 34. Joel 2:18.
43 shall enjoy. See on ver. 34, 35. and they. See on ver. 41. 1 Ki. 8:46–48; 2 Ch. 33:12. Job 5:17; 34:31, 32. Ps. 50:15; 119:67, 71, 75. Is. 26:16. Je. 31:19. Da. 9:7–9, 14. He. 12:5–11. they despised. See on ver. 15. 2 Ki. 17:7–17. 2 Ch. 36:14–16. their soul. ver. 15, 30. Ps. 50:17. Am. 5:10. Zec. 11:8. Jno. 7:7; 15:23, 24. Ro. 8:7.
44 I will.De. 4:29–31. 2 Ki. 13:23. Ne. 9:31. Ps. 94:14. Eze. 14:22, 23. Ro. 11:2, 26. abhor. See on ver. 11. break. Ps. 89:33. Je. 14:21; 33:20, 21. Eze. 16:60.
45 for their. Ge. 12:2; 15:18; 17:7, 8. Ex. 2:24; 19:5, 6. Lu. 1:72, 73. Ro. 11:12, 23–26, 28, 29. 2 Co. 3:15, 16. whom I. ch. 22:33; 25:38. See on Ex. 20:2. in the sight. Ps. 98:2, 3. Eze. 20:9, 14, 22.
46 As this verse appears to be the proper concluding verse of the whole book, Dr. A. CLARKE thinks that the 27th chapter originally followed the 25th. Others suppose that the 27th chapter was added after the book was finished; and, therefore, there is apparently a double conclusion, one a the end of this, and another at the end of the 27th chapter. All the ancient versions agree in concluding both chapters in nearly the same way. the statutes. ch. 27:34. De. 6:1; 12:1; 13:4. Jno. 1:17. in mount Sinai. ch. 25:1. by the hand. ch. 8:36. Nu. 4:37. Ps. 77:20.


  CHAP. 27

  He that makes a singular vow must be the Lord’s, 1, 2. The estimation of the person, 3–8; of a beast given by vow, 9–13; of a house, 14, 15; of a field, and the redemption thereof, 16–27. No devoted thing may be redeemed, 28, 29. The tithe may not be changed, 30–34.

2 When. Ge. 28:20–22. Nu. 6:2; 21:2. De. 23:21–23. Ju. 11:30, 31, 39. 1 Sa. 1:11, 28. a singular vow. A vow is a religious promise made to God, for the most part with prayer, and paid with thanksgiving. Vows were either of abstinence (Nu. ch. 6; 30), or the devoting of something to the Lord, as sacrifices, (ch. 7:16,) or the value of persons, beasts, houses, or lands, concerning which the law is here given. A man might vow or devote himself, his children, his domestics, his cattle, his goods, etc.; and respecting the redemption of all these, rules are laid down in this chapter. But if, after consecrating these things, he refused to redeem them, they then became the Lord’s property for ever. The persons continued all their lives devoted to the sanctuary; the goods were sold for the profit of the temple, or the priests; and the animals, if clean, were offered in sacrifice; and if not proper for sacrifice, were sold, and the proceeds devoted to sacred uses. This is a general view of the different laws relative to vows, mentioned in this chapter. Ec. 5:4, 5.
3 And thy estimation, ver. 14; ch. 5:15; 6:6. Nu. 18:16. 2 Ki. 12:4, marg. fifty shekels. i.e. at three shillings each, 7l. 10s. sterling, after the. ver. 25. Ex. 30:13.
4 thirty shekels. i.e. 4l. 10s. sterling, a little more than one-half the value of a man; for this obvious reason, that a woman, if employed, would not be of so much use in the sanctuary as the man. Zec. 11:12, 13. Mat. 26:15; 27:9, 10.
5 twenty shekels, i.e. 3l. sterling, ten shekels, i.e. 1l. 10s. sterling.
6 from. Nu. 3:40–43; 18:14–16. the male. The male five shekels, 15s., the female three shekels, 9s. Being both in infancy they were nearly of an equal value.
7 from. Ps. 90:10. fifteen. The old man and the old woman, being almost past labour, were nearly of an equal value; the former being estimated at 15 shekels, and the latter at 10.
8 poorer. ch. 5:7; 12:8; 14:21, 22. Mar. 14:7. Lu. 21:1–4. 2 Co. 8:12. according. Je. 5:7.
10 ver. 15–33. Ja. 1:8.
11 De. 23:18. Mal. 1:14.
12 as thou valuest it, who art the priest. Heb. according to thy estimation, O priest, etc.
13 ver. 10, 15, 19; ch. 5:16; 6:4, 5; 22:14.
14 sanctify. ver. 21; ch. 25:29–31. Nu. 18:14. Ps. 101:2–7. as the priest. ver. 12.
15 then he shall add. See on ver. 13.
16 some part. Though the words ‘some part’ are not expressed, yet it is generally allowed that they should be supplied here; as it was not lawful for a man to alienate in this manner his whole patrimony: he might express his good will for the house of God but he must not impoverish his own family. of a field. Ac. 4:34–37; 5:4. an homer. or, the land of an homer, etc., i.e. as much land as required a homer of barley to sow it. The homer was very different from the omer; the latter held about three quarts, the former seventy-five gallons three pints. Is. 5:10. Eze. 45:11–14. Ho. 3:2.
18 ch. 25:15, 16, 27, 51, 52.
19 See on ver. 13.
21 when. ch. 25:10, 28, 31. devoted. It is cherem, a thing so devoted to God, as never more to be capable of being redeemed. ver. 28, 29. De. 13:17. Jos. 6:17. Ezr. 10:8. Eze. 44:29, marg. priest’s. Nu. 18:14. Eze. 44:29.
22 his possession. ch. 25:10, 25.
23 ver. 12, 18.
24 ver. 20; ch. 25:28.
25 And all. ver. 3. to the shekel. A standard shekel; the standard being kept in the sanctuary, to try and regulate all the weights in the land by. twenty. Ex. 30:13. Nu. 3:47; 18:6. Eze. 45:12.
26 the firstling. Heb. first born, etc. As these firstlings were the Lord’s before, it would have been a solemn mockery to pretend to make them a matter of a singular vow; for they were already appointed, if clean, to be sacrificed, which. Ex. 13:2, 12, 13; 22:30. Nu. 18:17. De. 15:19.
27 and shall add. This was probably intended to prevent rash vows and covetous redemptions. The priest alone was to value the thing; and to whatever his valuation was, a fifth part must be added by him who wished to redeem it. ver. 11–13.
28 no devoted. This is the cherem, the absolute, irredeemable grant to God. ver. 21. Ex. 22:20. Nu. 21:2, 3. De. 7:1, 2; 13:15, 16; 20:16, 17; 25:19. Jos. 6:17–19, 26; 7:1, 11–13, 25. Ju. 11:30, 31; 21:5, 11, 18. 1 Sa. 14:24–28, 38–45; 15:3, 18, 32, 33. Mat. 25:41. Ac. 23:12–14. Ro. 9:3. 1 Co. 16:22. Ga. 3:10, 13.
29 None. Nu. 21:2, 3. 1 Sa. 15:18–23. which, shall be devoted. That is, either that every person devoted to the service of God shall not be redeemed, but die in that devoted state, or, that such as were devoted to death by the appointment and law of God, as the Canaanites were, shall be put to death.
30 Ge. 14:20; 28:22. Nu. 18:21–24. De. 12:5, 6; 14:22, 23. 2 Ch. 31:5, 6, 12. Ne. 10:37, 38; 12:44; 13:5, 12. Mal. 3:8–10. Mat. 23:23. Lu. 11:42; 18:12. He. 7:5–9.
31 ver. 13.
32 passeth under the rod. The Rabbins say, that when a man gave the tithe of his sheep or calves, he shut them in one fold, in which was a narrow door, to let out but one at a time. He then stood by the door, with a rod dipped in vermilion in his hand, and as they passed he counted them with the rod; and when the tenth came he touched it, by which it was distinguished as the tithe calf, sheep, etc. Je. 33:13. Eze. 20:37. Mi. 7:14.
33 ver. 10.
34 commandments. ch. 26:46. De. 4:45. Jno. 1:17. in mount. Nu. 1:1. Ga. 4:24, 25. He. 12:18–25.


CONCLUDING REMARKS

Thus terminates this most interesting and important book; a book containing a code of sacrificial, ceremonial, civil, and judicial laws, which, for the purity of their morality, the wisdom, justice, and beneficence of their enactments, and the simplicity, dignity, and impressive nature of their rites, are perfectly unrivalled, and altogether worthy of their Divine Author. All the rites and ceremonies of the Mosaic law are at once dignified and expressive. They point out the holiness of their Author, the sinfulness of man, the necessity of an atonement, and the state of moral excellence to which the grace and mercy of the Creator have destined to raise the human soul. They include, as well as point out, the gospel of the Son of God; from which they receive their consummation and perfection. The sacrifices and oblations were significant of the atonement of Christ; the requisite qualities of these sacrifices were emblematical of his immaculate character; and the prescribed mode in the form of these offerings, and the mystical rites ordained, were allusive institutions, calculated to enlighten the apprehensions of the Jews, and to prepare them for the reception of the Gospel. The institution of the high priesthood typified Jesus, the Great High Priest, called and prepared of God, who hath an unchangeable priesthood, and is able to save to the uttermost all that come unto God by him.


B. Blayney, Thomas Scott, and R.A. Torrey with John Canne, Browne, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, vol. 1 (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, n.d.), 68–90.